{"Acacia axillaris":["midlands wattle","shrub","v, VU","Acacia axillaris is mainly confined to riparian habitats such as dense riparian scrub and associated floodplains but also extends to paddocks and open grassy forests in frost hollows and areas of poor drainage, but also occasionally occurs on rocky slopes (there is a somewhat anomalous population on the midslopes of Mt Barrow in the north-east). All populations are strongly associated with dolerite. Records outside the core of the range (e.g. Prosser River, Broad River, River Clyde) need to be treated carefully as they may represent the more recently described Acacia derwentiana.","This large shrub flowers in September and October and fruits in November. The species is vegetatively distinct (growth habit, phyllode form) but buds, flowers or fruit are useful for identification for inexperienced observers (buds, at least, are almost always present so there is no seasonal restriction to survey).","2","Group 2","Ms"],"Acacia pataczekii":["wallys wattle","shrub/tree","r, -","Acacia pataczekii occurs mainly at mid-elevations in dry sclerophyll forest, often grading into wet sclerophyll forest (i.e. damp sclerophyll). Most sites are in forests dominated by Eucalyptus delegatensis. Substrate is variable and includes dolerite and Permian sediments. Most sites are in the north-east uplands (e.g. Mt Foster, Roses Tier), but there is an anomalous population in dry E. tenuiramis forest in the Midlands (Tunnack area).","This shrub or small tree flowers from spring to summer, with flowers aiding detection. However, flowering events may not be common for some stands. The species is vegetatively distinct (growth habit, phyllode form and colour) and can be identified year-round. Note the population at Gravelly ridge tends to be shorter than the population in the northeast. ","1","Group 2","Ss"],"Acacia siculiformis":["dagger wattle","shrub","r, -","Acacia siculiformis is found near watercourses (e.g. dense shrubby riparian scrubs along major rivers in the Midlands and surrounding uplands) and in dry sclerophyll forest. It is often associated with rocky dolerite sites. Care needs to be taken with outlier records not supported by herbarium specimens.","This shrub flowers in spring and early summer. The species is vegetatively distinct (growth habit, phyllode form, lenticular scales on branchlets) but buds, flowers or fruit are useful for identification for inexperienced observers (buds, at least, are almost always present so there is no seasonal restriction to survey).","2","Group 2","Ms"],"Acacia ulicifolia":["juniper wattle","shrub","r, -","Acacia ulicifolia is found in sandy coastal heaths and open heathy forest and woodland in the north and east of Tasmania. Populations are often sparsely distributed and most sites are near-coastal but it can occasionally extend inland (up to 30 km).","This rigid prickly shrub flowers in late winter and early spring. The species can be identified from vegetative material (arrangement of phyllodes is distinctive) but presence of budding or mature flowerheads is useful to avoid confusion with Acacia verticillata subsp. ovoidea and Acacia gunnii (Freycinet Peninsula and northeast coast populations).","2","Group 2","Hs"],"Acacia uncifolia":["coast wirilda","shrub","r, -","Acacia uncifolia is thought to be restricted to the Furneaux Group. It is usually found on soils derived from calcareous limestone in coastal heath, heathy scrub and dry open woodland, sometimes with emergent Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak). Occurrences on mainland Tasmania are assumed to have originated from ornamental plantings. A population on King Island is of uncertain status. ","This shrub to small tree flowers in summer to mid-autumn. It can be identified from its phyllodes (hooked tip). It can be difficult to detect amongst dense windswept coastal scrub but its foliage is quite distinct (flowering assists with detection).","1","Island Species ",""],"Acrotriche cordata":["coast groundberry","shrub","v, -","Acrotriche cordata is restricted to the Furneaux Group, being associated with calcareous soils. It is found on broken, rocky ground and in heath, scrub and low forest. All occurrences are very near-coastal.","This low shrub can be identified at any time of the year from vegetative features. Flowers and fruit marginally aid detection (spring-summer).","2","Island Species ","Nc"],"Agrostis australiensis":["southern bent","grass","r, -","Agrostis australiensis has been recorded from alpine fjaeldmark, damp sclerophyll forests on moist well-drained soils and from intermittent wetlands in the Central Highlands, as well as mossy openings in Leptospermum lanigerum (woolly teatree) forests in the Eastern Tiers. The distribution and habitats of native species of Agrostis are poorly understood because of recent taxonomic changes.","The taxonomy of native Agrostis species is difficult. Mature inflorescences are required for identification of this tufted grass, and while these can be present at any time of the year, spring-summer is the ideal survey period.","3","Group 1",""],"Agrostis diemenica":["flatleaf southern bent","grass","r, -","Agrostis diemenica has been recorded from the edges of lakes, marshes and streams. The distribution and habitat requirements of native species of Agrostis are poorly understood because of many recent taxonomic changes.","The taxonomy of native Agrostis species is difficult. Mature inflorescences are required for identification of this tufted grass, and while these can be present at any time of the year, spring-summer is the ideal survey period.","3","Group 1",""],"Allocasuarina crassa":["cape pillar sheoak","shrub/tree","r, -","Allocasuarina crassa is restricted to dolerite soils on Cape Pillar and can be encountered in both damp eucalypt forest and cliff-top heathland and scrub. It may form almost monotypic scrubs given a prolonged fire-free period.","This shrub to small tree can be identified at any time of the year using vegetative characteristics. Some individuals/stands appear to intergrade with Allocasuarina monilifera.","1","Reserve Species","Ms"],"Allocasuarina duncanii":["conical sheoak","tree","r, -","Allocasuarina duncanii is strongly associated with dolerite rock plates or shallow soils over dolerite, where it occurs in monotypic stands or in association with Eucalyptus delegatensis or E. coccifera. Two small sites are on quartzitic sandstone. The species is found from 230-1,000 m above sea level with most sites above 500 m.","This small tree can be identified at any time of the year using vegetative characteristics, including its (mostly) conical growth form. Some individuals/stands appear to intergrade with Allocasuarina monilifera. ","1","Group 3","Nc"],"Alternanthera denticulata":["lesser joyweed","herb","e, -","Alternanthera denticulata displays a preference for rocky (dolerite) river margins, but has also been recorded from disturbed Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest and damp riparian grasslands.","The main flowering period for this herb is from October to February, but flowers may occur most of the year. The species’ distinctive flowers and foliage make identification possible at any time of year. Flooding events may obliterate occurrences so survey timing should take account of recent flooding.","3","Group 2",""],"Ambuchanania leucobryoides":["daisy pan moss","moss","r, -","Ambuchanania leucobryoides is located in the State’s south-west in sparsely vegetated almost flat sandy washes or ‘sand pans’, (alluvial deposits at the base of slopes) consisting almost entirely of white, fine-grained, quartzitic sand. They are surrounded by buttongrass moorland on peaty soil.","This moss can be identified at any time of the year.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Amphibromus fluitans":["floating swampgrass","grass","-, VU","Amphibromus fluitans occurs in natural and artificial waterbodies, including swamps, lagoons, billabongs and dams, and roadside ditches. The species needs wetlands that are at least moderately fertile and that have some bare ground produced by seasonally-fluctuating water levels. The two recorded sites in Tasmania, both in the Midlands, may well be introductions.","This aquatic grass mainly flowers and fruits between November and March. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, which usually means a spring-summer survey is required.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Amphibromus macrorhinus":["longnose swampgrass","grass","e, -","Amphibromus macrorhinus inhabits waterholes and low-lying wet areas in the Midlands.","This aquatic grass mainly flowers and fruits between October and December. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, which usually means a spring-summer survey is required.","3","Group 2",""],"Amphibromus neesii":["southern swampgrass","grass","r, -","Amphibromus neesii is found in damp ground around marshes, lagoons, river flats, pools and streams.","This aquatic grass mainly flowers and fruits between October and April. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, which usually means a spring-summer survey is required.","3","Group 2",""],"Anogramma leptophylla":["annual fern","fern","v, -","Anogramma leptophylla grows in shallow soil layers over rock, on exposed or semi-exposed outcrops in dry or damp sclerophyll forest. Plants are mostly found on rock ledges, often on, or just inside, the drip line of the overhead rock-face. The substrate is variable, including dolerite, basalt and sandstone.","This small fern dies down in summer. The species can be identified using vegetative characteristics, including its parsley-like fronds.","3","Group 2",""],"Aphelia gracilis":["slender fanwort","annual herb","r, -","Aphelia gracilis inhabits damp sandy ground and wet places in the Midlands and north of the State. It may readily colonise sites after fire or other disturbance.","This sedge-like herb flowers from October to November, although flowering time varies considerably between seasons presumably related to spring conditions (even previous records at a known site are only a rough guide to flowering period, which can be very short and easily missed). Inflorescences are required for identification. The species can be locally common for a very brief period (e.g. 1-2 weeks) and then virtually absent, or be in very low numbers. Care needs to be taken to not confuse this species with Isolepis levynsiana. Observers with red deficient colour blindness may struggle with detection.","3","Group 1",""],"Aphelia pumilio":["dwarf fanwort","annual herb","r, -","Aphelia pumilio is found growing on damp flats, often with impeded drainage, or temporarily moist niches in rocky areas. The main vegetation types are lowland grassland (Themeda triandra) and dry sclerophyll forest and woodland dominated by Eucalyptus viminalis, E. amygdalina or E. ovata.","This sedge-like herb flowers from October to November, although flowering time varies considerably between seasons presumably related to spring conditions (even previous records at a known site are only a rough guide to flowering period, which can be very short and easily missed). Inflorescences are required for identification. The species can be locally common for a very brief period (e.g. 1-2 weeks) and then virtually absent, or be in very low numbers.","3","Group 1",""],"Argyrotegium fordianum":["soft cottonleaf","herb","r, -","Argyrotegium fordianum has been recorded from grassy depressions in subalpine and alpine heathland on the Central Plateau and Ben Lomond.","This mat-forming herb flowers from November to January. Inflorescences are required for identification.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Argyrotegium nitidulum":["shining cottonleaf","herb","v, VU","Argyrotegium nitidulum has been recorded from grassy depressions in subalpine heathland, the only known site being at Ben Lomond.","This mat-forming herb flowers from December to February. Inflorescences are required for identification.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Argyrotegium poliochlorum":["greygreen cottonleaf","herb","r, -","Argyrotegium poliochlorum has been recorded from inter-tussock spaces within buttongrass moorland at 1,070 m elevation in the Cradle Mountain region, and also more recently from subalpine scrub in the Skullbone Plains area.","This mat-forming herb flowers from December to February. Inflorescences are required for identification.","3","Group 3",""],"Asperula minima":["mossy woodruff","herb","r, -","Asperula minima occurs in a range of vegetation types, the common factor being locally impeded drainage. Habitats include near-coastal swamp forests, Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest, Eucalyptus ovata sedgy forest, \"old pasture\" regenerating to sedges and rushes, and firebreaks adjacent to clearfelled forest.","Flowering of this herb is from October to December. Asperula minima can be distinguished from other Asperula by vegetative characteristics meaning surveys at any time of the year are possible. ","3","Group 1",""],"Asperula scoparia subsp. scoparia":["prickly woodruff","herb","r, -","Asperula scoparia subsp. scoparia is widespread in Tasmania, and is mainly found in native grasslands and grassy forests, often on fertile substrates such as dolerite-derived soils. Forested sites are usually dominated by Eucalyptus globulus and E. viminalis (lower elevations) and E. delegatensis (higher elevations).","This herb can be distinguished from most other species of Asperula using vegetative characteristics, but care needs to be taken distinguishing it from some forms of Asperula conferta. Flowering is from September to February, although flowers and fruit are not usually required for identification meaning surveys at any time of the year are possible. ","3","Group 1",""],"Asperula subsimplex":["water woodruff","herb","r, -","Asperula subsimplex occurs in sites with impeded drainage, including damp grasslands, floodplains and sometimes in grassy forest and woodland along drainage depressions (even at the outfall of dams).","This weak trailing herb flowers from October to February. Asperula subsimplex can be distinguished from other Asperula by vegetative characteristics (glabrous, 4-whorled) meaning surveys at any time of the year are possible. ","3","Group 1",""],"Asplenium hookerianum":["maidenhair spleenwort","fern","e, -","Asplenium hookerianum grows on the banks of the Hellyer River under tall rainforest dominated by Nothofagus cunninghamii (myrtle beech) on near-vertical soil banks. On the lower slopes of Drys Bluff, it occurs on rock outcrops and (rarely) tree bases. It is believed to be extinct at a site near Orford, where it grew in a near-coastal gully dominaated by Olearia argophylla (musk) and Zieria arborescens (stinkwood).","Fertile fronds of this tufted fern are required for identification of the species. Sori are always present on fronds so this species can be surveyed for year-round.","3","Group 3",""],"Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes":["dolerite spleenwort","fern","v, -","Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes occurs on exposed dolerite outcrops in dry sclerophyll forest in the eastern uplands. Plants grow on north-west to north-east facing outcrops in the shallow soil of crevices or sloping rock platforms.","This fern can be identified using vegetative characteristics, including clustered, erect fronds with asymmetrical pinnae. The species dies down in dry summers at some sites.","3","Group 2",""],"Atriplex suberecta":["sprawling saltbush","shrub","v, -","Atriplex suberecta occurs in flat areas below springs and soaks in near-coastal areas; commonly found in disturbed areas. In Tasmania, it is known from the smaller islands of the Furneaux Group, with an historic record from near Hobart.","This subshrub is a known coloniser of disturbed areas. Fruit, which is required to identify the species, is present most of the year, so surveys may be undertaken at any time. ","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Australina pusilla subsp. muelleri":["large shade nettle","herb","r, -","Australina pusilla subsp. muelleri is known from the southern flanks of Mount Wellington in deeply-shaded gullies within wet eucalypt forest, and from King Island where it grows in association with Australina pusilla subsp. pusilla along stream flats in blackwood swamp forest.","This herb flowers from November to February. The species can be identified at any time of the year from vegetative characteristics.","3","Group 3",""],"Australopyrum velutinum":["velvet wheatgrass","grass","r, -","Australopyrum velutinum has a restricted distribution in montane grasslands. It can extend into associated grassy woodlands and forest.","This grass flowers from December to February. Mature inflorescences (which can remain on the plant for long periods) are required for identification of this species. Surveys in late spring to summer are recommended.","3","Group 2",""],"Austromelanelixia piliferella":["lichen","lichen","v, -","Austromelanelixia piliferella is known from one collection from dry sandstone bluffs in degraded dry sclerophyll forest near Kempton. Elsewhere, the species typically grows on bark.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3 ","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Austroparmelina pallida":["lichen","lichen","e, -","Austroparmelina pallida occurs on trunks of Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak) in very degraded, dry sclerophyll woodland at South Arm.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Austroparmelina whinrayi":["lichen","lichen","r, -","Austroparmelina whinrayi occurs as an epiphyte in coastal scrub and woodland in Tasmania.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Austrostipa bigeniculata":["doublejointed speargrass","grass","r, -","Austrostipa bigeniculata is found mainly in the southeast and Midlands in open woodlands and grasslands. The habitat of Austrostipa blackii is poorly understood because of confusion with other species. In its \"pure\" form (i.e. long coma), A. blackii is a species of very near-coastal sites such as the margins of saline lagoons, creek outfalls and vegetated dunes. Further inland, where it seems to grade into other species, it occurs in open grassy woodlands.","The taxonomy of native Austrostipa species is difficult. This tall grass flowers from November to January. Mature inflorescences are required for identification - older inflorescences with seeds may allow identification outside the flowering period. ","3","Group 1",""],"Austrostipa blackii":["crested speargrass","grass","r, -","The habitat of Austrostipa blackii is poorly understood because of confusion with other species. In its \"pure\" form (i.e. long coma), A. blackii is a species of very near-coastal sites such as the margins of saline lagoons, creek outfalls and vegetated dunes. Further inland, where it seems to grade into other species, it occurs in open grassy woodlands.","The taxonomy of native Austrostipa species is difficult. This tall grass flowers from November to January. Mature inflorescences are required for identification - older inflorescences with seeds may allow identification outside the flowering period. ","3","Group 1",""],"Austrostipa scabra":["rough speargrass","grass","r, -","No longer applicable – delisted. Austrostipa scabra occurs mainly in open grasslands and in grasslands created by the loss of tree cover (e.g. through dieback in the Midlands), and occasionally in open woodland and forest, often occurring in rocky habitats such as stony rough pasture, generally on sites with lighter soil than Austrostipa nodosa. Many sites are in highly disturbed habitats such as roadside verges. ","No longer applicable – delisted. The taxonomy of native Austrostipa species is difficult. This grass flowers mainly in spring, although there are usually early inflorescences present in late winter and remnant florets throughout summer and into autumn. Mature inflorescences and vegetative material are required for identification and to separate this species from the other falcate-awned speargrass, A. nodosa. Two subspecies are recognised, although the taxonomy is under review and only one may be present in Tasmania. ","3 ","Group 1",""],"Azorella macquariensis":["macquarie cushions","herb","e, CR","In Tasmania, Azorella macquariensis is restricted to Macquarie Island. ","This cushion-forming herb can be identified at any time of year though it undergoes winter browning. It flowers from December to February and fruits from January to April.","3","Island Species ",""],"Ballantinia antipoda":["southern shepherds purse","annual herb","x, -","In Tasmania, Ballantinia antipoda is presumed extinct and was known from dry stony sites and the banks of streams around the Glen Leith/Macquarie Plains area towards Bushy Park.","On the mainland, flowering of this herb occurs from winter to spring. The only dated Tasmanian specimen was collected 16/9/1842.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia":["coast banksia","tree","x, -","In Tasmania, wild Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia populations are presumed extinct. This species was recorded from calcareous soils in areas exposed to salt spray on King Island and also from the ridgeline of Long Island in the Hogan Group between Deal Island and Wilsons Promontory.","This tall shrub to small tree can be identified at any time of the year using vegetative characteristics.","1","Presumed Extinct Species","Hs"],"Banksia serrata":["saw banksia","tree","r, -","Banksia serrata is known from open woodland and sedgeland on broad flats, slopes and ridgelines, most strongly associated with quartzitic soils and stony ground. It is restricted to the Sisters Beach/Rocky Cape area, and near Wingaroo on Flinders Island.","The spreading tree can be identified by its serrated leathery leaves, distinctive inflorescences and persistent cones. Flowering is from January to June. It may be planted as an ornamental in some areas, as may some non-indigenous banksias that resemble Banksia serrata.","1","Group 3","Hs"],"Barbarea australis":["riverbed wintercress","annual herb","e, EN","Barbarea australis is a riparian species found near river margins, creek beds and along flood channels. It tends to favour the slower reaches, and has not been found on steeper sections of rivers. Juveniles predominantly occur on flood deposits of silt, and gravel deposited as point bars and at the margins of base flows, or more occasionally or between large cobbles on sites frequently disturbed by fluvial processes; however, few plants in these open habitats make it to maturity. Flowering plants tend to occur in protected niches, which can include relatively coarse surrounding vegetation like bracken. Some of the sites are a considerable distance from the river, in flood channels scoured by previous flood action, exposing river pebbles. Most populations are in the Central Highlands, but other populations occur in the northeast and upland areas in the central north.","Surveys of this herb should be conducted during the species’ peak flowering period, which is November to February. The species can be identified from inflorescence and seed characteristics. Due to the wide variation in numbers in any one year, it is advisable that a relatively extensive survey is undertaken at any site because the species can be spread over several kilometres of river system, and may shift from site to site between years, depending on disturbance conditions.","2","Group 2",""],"Baumea articulata":["jointed twigsedge","sedge","r, -","Baumea articulata is associated with near-coastal freshwater lagoons and slow-flowing rivers in northern and eastern Tasmania.","This species can be identified at any time of the year using vegetative characteristics (only Baumea species with hollow tubular culms).","3","Group 1",""],"Baumea gunnii":["slender twigsedge","sedge","r, -","Baumea gunnii inhabits wet moors, creeks and riverbanks (often in rocky sections) throughout the State. It can extend to poorly-drained sedgy/grassy forest and woodland dominated by Eucalyptus ovata or E. rodwayi.","This species can be identified at any time of the year using vegetative characteristics (only Baumea species with terete non-septate culms).","3","Group 1",""],"Bedfordia arborescens":["tree blanketleaf","shrub/tree","v, -","Bedfordia arborescens is associated with cloud forest (vegetation that strips moisture from mist and cloud enveloping mountains for many days of the year) on the slopes of Mt Munro on Cape Barren Island.","This tree can be readily identified when not in flower (key identifying features are based on leaf morphology and vestiture). It flowers from November to January but this does not aid detection significantly.","2","Island Species ",""],"Bertya tasmanica subsp. tasmanica":["tasmanian bertya","shrub","e, EN","Bertya tasmanica subsp. tasmanica mainly occurs on riparian sites in the northern Midlands (e.g. St Pauls River) and east coast (e.g. Apsley River). It is associated with Eucalyptus ovata–Callitris oblonga forest on some sites. Other dominants include E. rodwayi and E. viminalis. A large population at Swanwick is atypical, with plants occurring within near-coastal vegetation dominated by Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak).","This shrub flowers from spring to summer. It may be identified at any time of year due its foliage, which resembles that of rosemary in appearance (but not smell).","2","Group 2",""],"Blechnum cartilagineum":["gristle fern","fern","v, -","Blechnum cartilagineum favours sheltered sites along creeklines in northern and eastern Tasmania. Sites are within dry sclerophyll or wet sclerophyll forest, sometimes associated strongly with the floodplain of a creek (e.g. Little Beach) but also on slopes away from riparian areas (e.g. Dial Range, Lone Star).","This tufted or slow-spreading fern has harsh fronds to 150cm in length. Barren and fertile fronds are similar in shape. Survey can be undertaken at any time of the year. In tasmania fertile fronds are often hard to find, but not critical to identification.","2","Group 2",""],"Blechnum neohollandicum":["prickly raspfern","fern","- (e pending), -","Blechnum neohollandicum is known from a single site near Chain of Lagoons where it grows in shrubby damp sclerophyll forest along a rocky (Devonian granodiorite) creekline.","This tufted or slow-spreading fern has harsh fronds. Survey can be undertaken at any time of the year","3","Group 3",""],"Blechnum spinulosum":["small raspfern","fern","r, -","Blechnum spinulosumis associated with major rivers in northern Tasmania. It is strictly riparian, occurring on shaded banks (e.g. Pipers River), amongst the shade of boulders (e.g. First Basin, Cataract Gorge) and on steep soil banks in wet forest above the high flood zone (e.g. River Leven).","Mature plants are required for identification of this erect tufted fern as reproductive fronds differ from vegetative fronds. Fertile fronds emerge from December to April though the sori used for identification tend to shrivel through winter, hampering identification. Survey requires careful examination of creek banks and under/between rock piles along the flood zone of creeks/rivers.","3","Group 2",""],"Bolboschoenus caldwellii":["sea clubsedge","sedge","r, -","Bolboschoenus caldwellii is widespread in shallow, standing, sometimes brackish water, rooted in heavy black mud.","Flowering of this sedge is throughout the year but mainly in October to April. Inflorescences (ideally with mature fruit) are required for identification.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Bolboschoenus medianus":["marsh clubsedge","sedge","r, -","Bolboschoenus medianus inhabits the margins of inland saline lagoons where it is often rooted in heavy black mud.","Inflorescences (ideally with mature fruit) are required for identification, though plants of this species do not flower regularly.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Boronia gunnii":["river boronia","shrub","v, VU","Boronia gunnii is strictly riparian in habitat, occurring in the flood zone of the Apsley, St Pauls, and Dukes rivers (where extant) and the Denison Rivulet and South Esk River (where presumed extinct) in rock crevices or in the shelter of boulders. The base substrate is always dolerite.","This branching aromatic shrub can be identified at any time of the year using leaf characteristics, but is more easily seen when it flowers from October to January.","2","Group 2","Prb"],"Boronia hemichiton":["mt arthur boronia","shrub","e, VU","Boronia hemichiton is restricted to the western flanks of the Mt Arthur area. It grows in wet heath or scrub with species of Melaleuca (paperbark), Leptospermum (teatree) and Gahnia grandis (cutting grass), extending into ecotonal areas of dry sclerophyll forest and woodland dominated by Eucalyptus gunnii, E. ovata, E. amygdalina or E. delegatensis. The underlying substrate is alluvium over dolerite, and drainage is moderate to poor. ","This branching aromatic shrub can be identified at any time of the year using leaf characteristics, but is more easily seen when it flowers from October to January.","2","Group 2","Prb"],"Boronia hippopala":["velvet boronia","shrub","v, VU","Boronia hippopala occurs in the Eastern Tiers, in wet scrubby heath dominated by Melaleuca (paperbark) species, Leptospermum (teatree) species and Gahnia grandis (cutting grass), as well as in adjacent Eucalyptus pauciflora–E. dalrympleana woodland. The underlying substrate is dolerite, and drainage is moderate to poor.","This erect aromatic shrub can be identified at any time of the year using leaf characteristics, but is more easily seen when it flowers from September to December. Plants with characteristics intermediate with Boronia hemichiton occur at some sites (Elizabeth River and Flagstaff Marsh).","2","Group 2","Prb"],"Bossiaea heterophylla":["variable bossia","shrub","e, - ","Bossiaea heterophylla has two Tasmanian subpopulations both found in coastal heath on sand at the margin of dry and wet heathland. These subpopulations are located at Fothers Hill near Lulworth and Bellingham on the north coast. The species is also known from coastal areas in Victoria, New South Wales and Southern Queensland.  ","This semi-prostrate to erect shrub can be identified at any time of the year using a combination of its flattened branches and regularly placed leaves, but is more easily detected and identified when it flowers in autumn and winter.","3","Group 3","Hs"],"Bossiaea tasmanica":["spiny bossia","shrub","r, -","Bossiaea tasmanica is found in dry sites within dry sclerophyll forest. Most sites are on Mathinna shales in open sites in Eucalyptus sieberi forest in the north-east but there is an anomalous site on dolerite in open E. delegatensis forest at Mt Foster. There is another localised site on Triassic sediments near Tunnack, and a record (from the 1890s) from near New Norfolk.","This spreading spiny shrub flowers in late spring and early summer. It is identifiable from vegetative characteristics, though it can be heavily browsed on some sites.","2","Group 2","Ss"],"Botrychium australe":["parsley fern","fern","x, -","Botrychium australe is presumed extinct in Tasmania. On mainland Australia, it is known from a wide range of habitats from lowland forest and scrubland to subalpine grassland. It requires adequate moisture and can be found in grassy woodland, well-drained plains, near streams in subalpine regions and in mossy soils. It is also known from New Zealand where it is most common on disturbed sites.","This fern can be identified at any time of the year from its branched fronds, one of which is vegetative. This fern may be identifiable year round as a new frond develops every year.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Brachyloma depressum":["spreading heath","shrub","r, -","Brachyloma depressum is found in shrubby heathland and low open woodland amongst granite boulders/sheets or on granite soils, mainly in near-coastal sites in northern and eastern Tasmania.","This shrub flowers from August to December, though it can be identified at other times of the year from its closely-clustered leaves.","3","Group 2",""],"Brachyscome perpusilla":["tiny daisy","annual herb","r, -","Brachyscome perpusilla is found on rockplates and grassy herbfields, substrates including dolerite, sandstone and granite. ","Flowering of this herb occurs in late winter to spring, but is strongly dependent on seasonal conditions. Flowers/fruits are required for identification. ","3","Group 2",""],"Brachyscome radicata":["spreading daisy","annual herb","r, -","The habitat and distribution of Brachyscome radicata is poorly understood. It has been recorded from the foothills of Mt Wellington and from montane grassland near Cradle Mountain and the Central Plateau. Its habitat also extends to shrubby forest and wet sclerophyll forest in the east.","Flowers/fruits are required for the identification of this herb, which means a late spring to late summer survey is required. ","3","Group 3",""],"Brachyscome rigidula":["cutleaf daisy","annual herb","v, -","Brachyscome rigidula is found in the Midlands, East Coast and in parts of the eastern Central Highlands of Tasmania, where it occurs in rough pasture, grassland and grassy woodland on dry rocky hills and flats.","This herb flowers from August to May. The presence of flowers will aid detection and enable identification of the species, however the species is also vegetatively distinctive. Flowers sometimes persist past the spring flowering period but may be difficult to detect amongst dense dried grass.","3","Group 3",""],"Brunonia australis":["blue pincushion","herb","r, -","Brunonia australis typically occurs in grassy woodlands and dry sclerophyll forests dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina or less commonly E. viminalis or E. obliqua. Some smaller populations are found in heathy and shrubby dry forests. The species occurs on well-drained flats and gentle slopes between 10-350 metres above sea level. It is most commonly found on sandy and gravelly alluvial soils, with a particular preference for ironstone gravels. Populations found on dolerite are usually small.","The attractive blue flowerheads of this herb are seen from mid-November to late January. It also has a distinctive rosette of silky soft leaves (due to the presence of many fine hairs). However, detection of non-flowering plants is very difficult in most habitats and the distinctive leaves should not be relied on for detecting new sites. Surveys for B. australis should ideally be conducted during late spring to early summer when the species is most likely flowering.","2","Group 2",""],"Bunodophoron notatum":["lichen","lichen","e, -","Bunodophoron notatum is found in mature callidendrous rainforest and mature mixed forest, on the shaded trunks of mature Nothofagus cunninghamii (myrtle beech). It has been recorded from north-west and north-east Tasmania.","This fruticose, tuft-forming lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist. ","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Caesia calliantha":["blue grasslily","graminoid","r, -","Caesia calliantha is found predominantly in the Midlands in grassland or grassy woodland including wattle and prickly box \"scrub\" (occasionally extending into forest, then usually dominated by Eucalyptus viminalis or E. amygdalina). It has also been recorded from grassy roadsides.","This tufted herb dies down to tuberous roots in autumn and winter. Flowering time is September to February. Inflorescences are required for identification.","3","Group 2",""],"Caladenia anthracina":["blacktip spider-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Caladenia anthracina has a restricted distribution in the Powranna/Campbelltown/Ross area, occurring in grassy woodland with Acacia dealbata (silver wattle) and bracken on well-drained sandy soil. Two historical sites from the Derwent Valley are presumed extinct.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Specimens may require specialist confirmation because of confusion in the Caladenia patersonii species-complex. There is a strong peak in flowering in the latter half of October. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Caladenia aurantiaca":["orangetip fingers","orchid","e, -","Caladenia aurantiaca is restricted to Deal Island, where it occurs in Allocasuarina verticillata forest, sometimes on the edge of Eucalyptus nitida woodland, with a Poa labillardierei and light Pteridium esculentum understorey. Elevation varies from around 100-150 m above sea level.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The flowering period on the mainland starts earlier but the only Tasmanian collections (Deal Island) were made on 5 November 1992 and 9 October 2004. The flowers of this species last only 2 to 4 days before self-pollinating but dissection of finished flowers should enable identification. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Island Species ",""],"Caladenia australis":["southern spider-orchid","orchid","e, -","Caladenia australis is restricted to Flinders island, where it occurred in lowland coastal heathy scrub/woodland.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Flowering period on mainland Australia is September to November. Known only from one collection in Tasmania (9 November 1968, Flinders Island). Late October to early November is likely to be a good time to search for the species here. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Island Species ",""],"Caladenia brachyscapa":["short spider-orchid","orchid","e, EX","Caladenia brachyscapa is known from only one collection in Tasmania (Clarke Island, 7 November 1979), its habitat being described as heathland and sparse coastal scrub on well drained sandy loam. ","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Flowering period on mainland Australia is September to November. Known only from one collection in Tasmania (Clarke Island, 7 November 1979), which may be a good time to search for it. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Island Species ",""],"Caladenia campbellii":["thickstem fairy fingers","orchid","e, CR","Caladenia campbellii is restricted to north-west Tasmania, where it occurs on slopes and ridges on rolling hills amongst shrubs in stunted coastal and near-coastal scrub and forest, on well-drained sandy loam and gravelly loam over clay.","This ground orchid dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Flowers are required for its identification. This species appears to have a very short flowering period around 1-15 November. Specimens may require specialist confirmation because of confusion within the Caladenia alata-campbellii species-complex. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Caladenia cardiochila":["heartlip spider-orchid","orchid","x, -","Caladenia cardiochila has been collected in Tasmania only once (from somewhere on Flinders Island) in October 1947 and is now presumed extinct. There is no detailed information on the Flinders Island collection. On the mainland, Caladenia cardiochila is a widespread and often common species found in a wide range of forested and shrubby habitats on well-drained soils.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Flowering period on mainland Australia is August to November but collected in Tasmania only once (from somewhere on Flinders Island) in October 1947. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Caladenia caudata":["tailed spider-orchid","orchid","v, VU","Caladenia caudata has highly variable habitat, which includes the central north: Eucalyptus obliqua heathy forest on low undulating hills; the north-east: E. globulus grassy/heathy coastal forest, E. amygdalina heathy woodland and forest, Allocasuarina woodland; and the south-east: E. amygdalina forest and woodland on sandstone, coastal E. viminalis forest on deep sands. Substrates vary from dolerite to sandstone to granite, with soils ranging from deep windblown sands, sands derived from sandstone and well-developed clay loams developed from dolerite. A high degree of insolation is typical of many sites.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. It appears that populations in the south of the State consistently have a peak flowering in late September, while northern populations flower later (October, even early November). This species responds with prolific flowering the first season after a hot fire, diminishing to few or none in subsequent seasons. Despite its size and distinctive appearance, this species can be hard to detect in its often dried-off grassy habitat. The species can hybridise with Caladenia saggicola and any suspected hybrids will need specialist confirmation. There is also confusion with some other members of the Caladenia patersonii species-complex in some parts of its range (e.g. northeast around Bellingham and northwest around Rocky Cape-Arthur Pieman). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","In"],"Caladenia congesta":["blacktongue finger-orchid","orchid","e, -","Caladenia congesta occurs in northern Tasmania, occurring sporadically in heathland, heathy woodland and open forest, usually on dry sites and amongst grass tussocks on slopes. Soils are sandy and loamy and often gravelly.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. There is a definite peak in flowering in the latter half of November but in colder areas this species may flower into early January. This species has a highly distinctive labellum and withered flowers may be identifiable by dissection. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Caladenia dienema":["windswept spider-orchid","orchid","e, EN","Caladenia dienema occurs in north-western Tasmania, growing in windswept low heathland among dwarfed shrubs and sedges on moist to well-drained sandy and clay loam. Rocky outcrops and rocky open heathy woodland are strongly associated with many occurrences of the species but it can extend into shrubby forests, usually dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Peak flowering is late October to early November but this varies considerably. Specimens may require specialist confirmation because of confusion in the Caladenia patersonii species-complex. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","In"],"Caladenia filamentosa":["daddy longlegs","orchid","r, -","Caladenia filamentosa occurs in lowland heathy and sedgy eucalypt forest and woodland on sandy soils.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. This species is also identifiable before flowering from its leaves (reddish base, densely hairy and long) and from withered flowers (because the distinctive long wispy segments persist for some time), although this is only reliable at known sites and/or by someone familiar with the species. This species responds strongly to fire, with high numbers occurring one to two seasons after fire, dwindling to a few or none as the undergrowth thickens. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Caladenia lindleyana":["lindleys spider-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Caladenia lindleyana occurs in lowland heathy/grassy eucalypt forest and woodland in the Midlands and open shrubby forest in the north-east. There have been very few recent records.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Flowering plants have been seen from mid-October to early November in the northern Midlands and mid-December in the Lilydale area. There are records from the 1800s (early January) from Circular Head, where it may now be extinct (recent records from this region require confirmation). Specimens may require specialist confirmation because of confusion in the Caladenia patersonii species-complex. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Caladenia pallida":["rosy spider-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Caladenia pallida appears to be restricted to lowland areas with an annual rainfall less than 1,000 mm. In recent years it has only been recorded from dry Eucalyptus amygdalina forest in the northern Midlands at Epping Forest and in the central north at Railton. However, it was once more widespread and it may have occupied more diverse habitats.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Not much is known about this species, which appears to have been more widespread in the 1800s. The few more recent records suggest a peak flowering period spanning November. Specimens may require specialist confirmation because of confusion in the Caladenia patersonii species-complex. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Caladenia patersonii":["patersons spider-orchid","orchid","v, -","Caladenia patersonii favours coastal and near-coastal areas in northern Tasmania, growing in low shrubby heathland and heathy forest/woodland in moist to well-drained sandy and clay loam.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. It has a long flowering period, with a distinct peak from October into November, which is probably the best detection window. It responds strongly to hot summer fires with profuse flowering the following season. Flowers diminish to low numbers in subsequent seasons. Specimens may require specialist confirmation because of confusion in the Caladenia patersonii species-complex. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Caladenia prolata":["white fingers","orchid","e, -","On Flinders Island, Caladenia prolata is restricted to the surface of granite boulders (its absence from nearby ground is probably due to extensive ground disturbance by feral pigs). On Deal Island, Caladenia prolata occurs on slopes of two gully systems dominated by Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak) with sparse Eucalyptus nitida and a Poa labillardierei (silver tussock grass) and light bracken understorey.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. In Tasmania it is only known from three collections (1998, Flinders Island; 30 October and 18 November 2004, Deal Island), suggesting a good search window on Bass Strait islands could be late October to mid-November. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Island Species ",""],"Caladenia pusilla":["tiny fingers","orchid","r, -","Caladenia pusilla occurs mainly in heathland, shrubland, woodland and open eucalypt forest in near-coastal areas. It has been recorded from sandy loam, sandy peat, granite gravel and rocky ground. It is most frequent on well-drained soils but can extend to sites with impeded drainage.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The flowers of this tiny species may not always open fully before self-pollinating, and may be very hard to detect in the field. However, when detected, the short stiff scape and tiny buds are good diagnostic characteristics, although it is easily confused with small-flowered forms of species such as Caladenia fuscata. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 2",""],"Caladenia saggicola":["sagg spider-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Caladenia saggicola is known from two sites in south-east Tasmania. At Cambridge, the species grows amongst Lomandra longifolia (sagg) tussocks in Eucalyptus viminalis woodland on well-drained, grey sandy loam. At Dodges Ferry, plants were located in a remnant patch of native vegetation, dominated by Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak) and E. viminalis, on yellow to grey sandy loam over sandstone.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Although there is an early September record, the peak in flowering is mid-September to mid-October. This species responds well to disturbance and is likely to regenerate readily after fire. The species can hybridise with Caladenia caudata and any suspected hybrids will need specialist confirmation. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Caladenia sylvicola":["forest fingers","orchid","e, CR","Caladenia sylvicola has only been found in dry forest adjacent to Huon Road, near Hobart. One site is on a highly insolated hillside on well-drained gravelly loam overlying mudstone in heathy/shrubby Eucalyptus tenuiramis forest at about 240 m above sea level. A second site is at slightly lower elevation (160 m above sea level) on a moist, sheltered slope (on a similar substrate), growing among leaf litter and dense shrubs in E. obliqua dry sclerophyll forest.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Precise observations at the known site indicated that flowering occurred a few days either side of 1 November. At this time the local Caladenia carnea has finished flowering and Caladenia cracens is just starting. In 2009, a single flower of Caladenia sylvicola was detected at the known site on 25 October, but withered a few days later. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Caladenia tonellii":["robust fingers","orchid","e, CR","In Henry Somerset Conservation Area, Caladenia tonellii occurs in Eucalyptus obliqua-E. amygdalina forest with a shrubby understorey, on shallow clay loam and shallow gravelly loam over clay. Topography varies from flats to slopes up to about 80 m above sea level. Sites near Scottsdale and Sisters Beach require confirmation as the habitat is quite different (e.g. quartzite-based soils on steeper slopes around Sisters Beach).","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. While flowers are required for its identification, it has one of the longest leaves of the small-flowered Caladenia’s (up to 25 cm long, green and sparsely hairy) so detection prior to full flowering may be possible (with experience only). Flowering may extend from late October into early December, but most records are from early to late November. Withered flowers of this species may still be distinctive because of their stature and arrangement. It is part of the Caladenia carnea species-complex, and smaller Caladenia tonellii could be mistaken for that species (although Caladenia carnea tends to flower earlier). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Calandrinia granulifera":["pygmy purslane","annual herb","r, -","Calandrinia granulifera grows in gravelly and sandy pockets in rocky outcrops in coastal situations in northern and eastern Tasmania, and also on shallow rock-plate soils in the Northern Midlands.","The germination, growth and flowering of this small herb probably rely on the timing and intensity of autumn and winter rains, with the length of flowering dependent upon prevailing weather conditions. Flowers and/or fruit are necessary for identification of the species. Surveys in late spring are recommended, although timing will depend on seasonal conditions.","3","Group 1",""],"Callitriche sonderi":["matted waterstarwort","annual herb","r, -","Callitriche sonderi generally occurs on river flood plains or other places subject to periodic inundation. In Tasmania it is known from the Sea Elephant River on King Island, and the shore of a dry lagoon near Low Head.","This has a creeping or floating habit and soft opposite leaves. Its flowers are small and unisexual and appear from September to December. Fertile material is required to separate the species from other Callitriche species, meaning a late spring survey is required.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Callitriche umbonata":["winged waterstarwort","annual herb","r, -","Callitriche umbonata has a semi-aquatic habitat. It has been recorded from grassy wetlands, soaks in eucalypt forest and amongst rocks along stream banks in the Midlands, with an unconfirmed sighting from Apsley Marshes.","This herb has a creeping or floating habit and soft opposite leaves. Its flowers are small and unisexual and appear from August to December. Fertile material is required to separate the species from other Callitriche species, meaning a late spring-summer survey is required. ","3","Group 2",""],"Callitris oblonga subsp. oblonga":["south esk pine","tree","v, EN","Callitris oblonga subsp. oblonga occurs predominantly in riparian scrub, woodland and forest (where it can extend away from rivers) in areas with low precipitation and usually sandy soil. It is local on the East Coast, particularly on the margins of the Swan, Apsley, South Esk, Cygnet and St Pauls rivers. A small population is also present in Cataract Gorge.","Mature trees with their persistent cones are useful for identification of this small native tree, though its blue-green colour also separates it from Callitris rhomboidea (Oyster Bay pine). No other subspecies of Callitris oblonga occur in Tasmania.","1","Group 3",""],"Calocephalus citreus":["lemon beautyheads","herb","r, -","Calocephalus citreus inhabits disturbed dry grasslands, and is found from a few locations in the south-east of the State.","Flowers are required for the identification of this herb, though its distinctive silvery-blue foliage allows the species to be detected throughout most the year (plants may die back somewhat over winter). Flowering is between September and March.","2","Group 2",""],"Calocephalus lacteus":["milky beautyheads","herb","r, -","Calocephalus lacteus occurs in open, dry sites in lowland areas of eastern and northern Tasmania and on lower altitudes of the Central Plateau. It requires bare ground for recruitment, and may benefit from disturbance. It is often found on roadsides and beside tracks.","While flowers are required for identification of this herb, the distinctive silvery-blue foliage allows the species to be detected throughout the year, though plants may die back somewhat over winter. Flowering is between November and March.","2","Group 2",""],"Calochilus campestris":["copper beard-orchid","orchid","e, -","On mainland Australia, Calochilus campestris occurs on ridges and slopes in forest and woodland and can also be found in coastal heath and headlands. The species is known to colonise embankments and road verges. The habitat in Tasmania is poorly understood.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. This species is poorly known in Tasmania, collected only once, from Clarke Island on 12 November 1979, which coincides with peak flowering of the other Tasmanian beard-orchids. The flowering period of Calochilus campestris on mainland Australia is September to January. Late October to early December is the likely flowering period in this State and the recommended timing for surveys. Flowers only last between 2 and 4 days. This species may respond to fire and other disturbance in a similar manner to other species of Calochilus, which generally flower in large numbers in the first few years immediately after an intense fire. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Island Species ",""],"Calycidium cuneatum":["lichen","lichen","r, -","The distribution of Calycidium cuneatum in Tasmania is restricted to implicate rainforest at subalpine elevations (Lake Hartz, Dove Lake). It has been located on horizontally spreading, shaded branches in the understorey.","This small leafy lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Calycidium polycarpum":["lichen","lichen","r, -","Calycidium polycarpum is known from one locality, a mature Nothofagus cunninghamii (myrtle beech) tree in well-formed callidendrous rainforest along the Western Explorer Road, south of the Pieman River.","This small leafy lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Calystegia marginata":["forest bindweed","climber","e, -","Calystegia marginata has only been found on Cape Barren Island where it was observed growing in granite gullies in forest or dry scrub close to the coast.","Peak flowering occurs over spring and summer, however, flowers are present on this perennial twining or prostrate vine all year, and as the plant is conspicuous, surveys for it can be undertaken at any time of year. However, plants are short-lived and surveys for the species would ideally be conducted in the two years following fire or other disturbance likely to trigger emergence. It is possible that people chancing upon Calystegia marginata may at first mistake it for a weedy Convolvulus species.","2","Island Species ",""],"Calystegia sepium":["swamp bindweed","climber","r, -","Calystegia sepium  subsp. sepium has been recorded from riverbanks and the margins of forests in the north of the State around the Tamar region, where it mainly occurs in Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest and amongst Phragmites australis swampland. ","Peak flowering occurs over spring and summer, however, flowers are present on this perennial twining or prostrate vine all year, and as the plant is conspicuous, surveys for it can be undertaken at any time of year. This species is a known coloniser of waste areas and may regenerate prolifically after fire. Calystegia sepium is similar to the introduced Calystegia silvatica with which it can co-occur.","2","Non-Forest Species",""],"Calystegia soldanella":["sea bindweed","herb","r, -","Calystegia soldanella is recorded from coastal sands, mainly in the north-east of the State (but it is now also known from the north-east coast of King Island). It has also been found growing in granite soils and grazed coastal grasslands.","This trailing or twining herb flowers over summer though observations of the species have been made throughout most of the year, and it can be easily identified by its distinctive growth habitat and leaves.","2","Non-Forest Species",""],"Carex capillacea":["yellowleaf sedge","sedge","r, -","Carex capillacea is found in the Central Highlands in marshy habitats, extending to short alpine herbfields associated with snow patches.","Flowering and fruiting of this slender sedge that forms small dense tufts occurs in summer. Mature inflorescences are required for identification. ","3","Group 1",""],"Carex cephalotes":["snow sedge","sedge","r, -","Carex cephalotes is known only from a snow patch on the lee side of Mount Eliza in the western mountains at an elevation of 1,250 m above sea level. ","This densely tufted sedge has only been recorded once in Tasmania on 20/1/1982. Mature inflorescences are required for identification.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Carex gunniana":["mountain sedge","sedge","r, -","The habitat of Carex gunniana is poorly understood and highly variable. It includes wet eucalypt forest, sandy heathlands, margins of streams, littoral sands, shingle with seepage, damp grasslands within dry forest and rough pasture.","This sedge flowers from October to March. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, which can be effectively absent in winter months, meaning a spring-summer survey is usually required. The species can often co-occur with other threatened and non-threatened Carex and care must be taken to delineate the extent of the species in the field.","3","Group 1",""],"Carex hypandra":["dark fern sedge","sedge","r, -","The Tasmanian distribution of Carex hypandra is restricted to fen (regularly inundated wetland or mire vegetation that develops where silts have been deposited) in the central and western mountains at elevations above 1,000 m.","This loosely tufted, sedge has been recorded only twice in Tasmania, both times in December. Mature inflorescences are required for identification. In NSW, the species is reported to flower in summer. The species reportedly hybridises with the similar Carex gaudichaudiana, which in Tasmania is more common and widespread.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Carex longebrachiata":["drooping sedge","sedge","r, -","Carex longebrachiata grows along riverbanks, in rough grassland and pastures, in damp drainage depressions and on moist slopes amongst forest, often dominated by Eucalyptus viminalis, E. ovata or E. rodwayi.","This robust sedge forms dense, small to large tussocks. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, which can be effectively absent in winter months, meaning a spring-summer survey is usually required. There is considerable confusion between C. longebrachiata and C. iynx and mature inflorescences are needed to separate the two species (vegetative leaf characters are less reliable).","3","Group 1",""],"Cassinia rugata":["wrinkled dollybush","shrub","e, VU","The main site for Cassinia rugata at Port Sorell site is a wetland associated with Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass). An old record from north-east Tasmania was probably from similar habitat. Sites supporting Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius (swamp everlasting bush) may also be suitable for Cassinia rugata.","The recommended time for survey for this low shrub is during the main flowering period, February to April (Victoria), to maximise the opportunity for florets to be present to assist with identification. The species is easier to detect in flower.","3","Group 3",""],"Caustis pentandra":["thick twistsedge","sedge","r, -","Caustis pentandra occurs on sandy soils derived from granite in coastal heathland and heathy woodland, mainly between Freycinet Peninsula and Binalong Bay (with some outlying historical sites).","This scrambling sedge can be detected at any time of the year. The smooth rounded stems are subtended by purplish-brown leaves.","3","Group 1",""],"Centipeda cunninghamii":["erect sneezeweed","herb","r, -","Centipeda cunninghamii is found in a wide variety of soil types, usually in areas subject to flooding or where water is stagnant. The seasonally dry margins of wetlands and lagoons also have the potential to support this species. It is currently known from the Sea Elephant River on King Island, the lower reaches of the South Esk River near Launceston, and Panatana Rivulet near Port Sorell.","This small aromatic herb can be detected throughout the year but is most easily observed in its flowering period, from November to early April. Fruit is required for identification of the species and to separate it from erect forms of Centipeda elatinoides.","3","Group 2",""],"Centrolepis pedderensis":["pedder bristlewort","annual herb","e, EN","Centrolepis pedderensis grows in the ephemeral wetland margins of lakes and rivers with a quartz-sand substrate in the State’s south-west, typically in areas subject to seasonal inundation and drying. The species has recently been found in the flood zone of the Picton and Huon Rivers near Tahune, suggesting a much broader range.","This summer-growing herb forms loose tufts. Flowering has been recorded between November and March, the earlier at lower altitudes. Flowering material is required to identify the species. ","3","Group 2",""],"Centrolepis strigosa subsp. pulvinata":["bassian bristlewort","annual herb","r, -","Centrolepis strigosa subsp. pulvinata is recorded from damp places in the north-east and Bass Strait islands.","Most observations of this small densely clustered herb have been made from November to January, the recommended survey period for the species. ","3","Reserve Species",""],"Centropappus brunonis":["tasmanian daisytree","shrub","r, -","Centropappus brunonis is known from scattered colonies on the Wellington Range and Mt Dromedary. It grows in shrubby woodland/forest dominated by Eucalyptus delegatensis (at mid altitudes) and by E. coccifera and E. urnigera (at higher altitudes). It typically occurs on dolerite talus but also occurs on poorly-drained sandstone shelves.","This small tree or large shrub flowers from December to February. The presence of the yellow daisy flowers will aid detection, but are not required for identification (no confusing species).","1","Group 3",""],"Cetraria islandica subsp. antarctica":["Lichen","lichen","r, -","Cetraria islandica subsp. antarctica grows over soil and cushion plants in very high alpine moorlands.","This distinctive brown fruticose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Cheilanthes distans":["bristly rockfern","fern","e, -","Cheilanthes distans grows in shallow moss or lichen-covered soils on exposed dolerite or sandstone outcrops within dry forest and woodland. It is currently known from near Avoca, Royal George and the Douglas-Apsley National Park.","This terrestrial fern is more or less deciduous over summer, but may recover in response to significant rain events. Any planned searches should thus be adjusted to take account of rainfall patterns during the previous months. The species’ distinctive frond vestiture means that it can be identified even in a relatively desiccated state.","2","Group 2",""],"Chenopodium erosum":["papery goosefoot","shrub","x, -","The only Tasmanian specimen of Chenopodium erosum was collected from sandy hills on an island of the Kent Group, Bass Strait in 1804. This species is presumed extinct.","This species is presumed extinct in Tasmania with the only record from December 1804. Flowering is from December to February and Victorian specimens have been collected from January to March.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Chiloglottis trapeziformis":["broadlip bird-orchid","orchid","e, -","Chiloglottis trapeziformis is known from near Wynyard on sandy soil in damp sclerophyll forest. There is a historical record from dry open forest near Legana. It has also been recorded from Leptospermum (teatree) and Allocasuarina (sheoak) scrub on sandy humus overlying granite on Great Dog Island (Furneaux group).","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Only known from a few sites in Tasmania with a wide range of flowering times, varying from mid-August on Flinders Island to early November in mainland Tasmania. The most reliable way of organising survey time is to confirm flowering at a known site. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Chorizandra enodis":["black bristlesedge","sedge","e, -","Chorizandra enodis is found in damp sandy heath around the Low Head region but can also extend to slashed roadside margins (ex-wet heathland and swamp forest) and on tracks through Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest (and occasionally other poorly-drained sites).","Flowering of this sedge is from spring to autumn. This species can be identified at any time of the year from its distinctive growth form and culm characters.","3","Group 2",""],"Cryptandra amara":["pretty pearlflower","shrub","e, -","Cryptandra amara grows in some of the driest areas of the State and is typically associated with fertile rocky substrates (e.g. basalt). Its habitat ranges from near-riparian rockplates to grasslands or grassy woodlands.","This small wiry shrub is most readily recognised when in flower, though its distinctive habit and foliage means that it can be identified at any time of year. The species produces abundant flowers, buds emerging in April and flowering from May to December, with a peak from August to October.","3","Group 2",""],"Cryptandra exilis":["slender pearlflower","shrub","e, -","Cryptandra exilis is known from four locations within Tasmania; the Tasman Peninsula, the Greater Freycinet area, The Gardens around the Bay of Fires and on Cape Barren Island. C. exilis is typically found in coastal and near-coastal heaths, as well as damp, heathy, or shrubby forests. The species grows in open, rocky areas at elevations of up to 340 m above sea level. The species persists in locations that are kept open due to disturbances, such as roadside verges and tracks.","This small, low growing shrub is most readily recognised when in flower therefore surveys should be conducted during the flowering period. The species produces numerous white flowers, and flowering occurs from spring through summer and into autumn.","3","Group 3","In"],"Chrysocephalum baxteri":["fringed everlasting","herb","r, -","Chrysocephalum baxteri is restricted to the Furneaux Group where it is found on sand dunes between the beach and lagoon, also granite bedrock with some large tors and sandy soils on bare, recently burnt forest.","Flowers are required for the identification of this herb in the daisy family. Flowers mostly in spring and summer.","3","Island Species ",""],"Colobanthus curtisiae":["grassland cupflower","annual herb","r, VU","Colobanthus curtisiae occurs in lowland grasslands and grassy woodlands but is also prevalent on rocky outcrops and margins of forest on dolerite on the Central Highlands (including disturbed sites such as log landings and snig tracks).","This tufted herb has sedge-like leaves that narrow to a fine hair at their tip. Flowers are needed for identification of the species. The peak flowering period is from November to February, with a much longer period of growth available to detect the species. ","3","Group 1",""],"Colobanthus pulvinatus":["cushion cupflower","annual herb","r, -","Colobanthus pulvinatus is restricted to fjaeldmark on mountains in the centre and south of the State.","This compact cushion plant flowers in summer. The detection period may be extended as the species can be identified using leaf characteristics.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Comesperma defoliatum":["leafless milkwort","shrub","r, -","Comesperma defoliatum occurs in wet heathland/sedgeland, buttongrass moorland, coastal low scrub and on the crests of dunes. It has also been recorded from flat alkaline pans. The predominant substrates include peat, quartzite and sand.","This undershrub flowers between November and May, often producing a flush of flowers after disturbance (e.g. fires). The species is usually distinguished from Comesperma calymega by its near-leafless stems but this character is highly variable between the species and dependent on the age of the plant. Fresh flowers are useful for identification of this species (but note that the petals become detached when picked and flowers shrivel quickly so taking some macro digital images is suggested).","3","Group 2","Prb"],"Conospermum hookeri":["tasmanian smokebush","shrub","v, VU","Conospermum hookeri usually occurs in coastal and near-coastal heathland and heathy forest/woodland dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina or E. tenuiramis. It extends from Bruny Island to the Furneaux islands, on granite or sandy, acid, low-nutrient soils. There are some inland occurrences in heathy E. amygdalina forest on granite substrates (e.g. near Avoca, Royal Ruby Flats).","This pubescent shrub typically flowers from September to November with fruit set by early to mid-summer. The presence of flowers significantly aids detection, though it may be identified at any time of year due to its distinctive foliage.","2","Group 2","S"],"Coopernookia barbata":["purple native-primrose","shrub","x, -","Coopernookia barbata is presumed extinct in Tasmania. Some doubt remains as to whether the only specimen attributed to this species from Tasmania was collected from the State. It was reportedly collected by Robert Brown from Port Dalrymple in the early 1800s. In NSW it grows mostly in dry sclerophyll forest, often on sandstone.","In Victoria, this ground trailing or erect shrub flowers throughout the year.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Corunastylis brachystachya":["shortspike midge-orchid","orchid","e, EN","Corunastylis brachystachya occurs in near-coastal lowland habitats (generally below 200 m elevation) in heathland and heathy woodland among low shrubs, boulders and rock plates on well-drained quartzitic soils. It is restricted to the State’s far north-west between Sisters Beach and Temma.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The flowering period is February to April. Corunastylis brachystachya often occurs in relatively low abundance at any site, making detection a chance event. Late summer to early autumn is the recommended timing for surveys. Any specimens suspected of being this species will require specialist confirmation because of confusion with C. tasmanica and C. firthii. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Corunastylis firthii":["firths midge-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Corunastylis firthii has been recorded from the Friendly Beaches area in tall open Banksia shrubland with heathy and sedgy ground cover, growing on a well-drained rise in sand derived from granite. It has also been located on an almost bare roadside strip on sandy soil, with a recent record from near Kellevie, where it grows on mudstone in Eucalyptus amygdalina forest with sparse shrubs on gently undulating terrain.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The few records indicate this species flowers from mid-January to late February. It is possibly restricted to the Freycinet Peninsula. However, specimens collected from Lefroy in the 1980s and recent material from Kellevie resemble Corunastylis firthii, though the closely-related Corunastylis tasmanica is also in flower at the same time (supporting doubts about the taxonomic status of C. firthii). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Corunastylis morrisii":["bearded midge-orchid","orchid","e, -","Corunastylis morrisii occurs in near-coastal lowland habitats in buttongrass moorland and sedgy open eucalypt woodland on moderately-drained sites, including raised clay pans in poorly drained peaty sedgeland. A site on mudstone at Kellevie occurs in Eucalyptus amygdalina forest with sparse shrubs on gently undulating terrain.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The main flowering period is from late January through to late February but can extend into April. Corunastylis morrisii often occurs in relatively low abundance at any site, making detection a chance event. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Corunastylis nuda":["tiny midge-orchid","orchid","r, -","Corunastylis nuda occurs in a wide range of habitats from near sea level to 1,000 m above sea level, on a range of different soil types and geologies. Vegetation types include scrub, subalpine grassland, open rock plates, heathy open forest, shrubby dry sclerophyll forest and wet sclerophyll forest.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Flowering appears to be mainly in January but continues through to February, and occasionally March at higher elevations and colder sites. Mid to late summer is therefore the recommended timing for surveys, but the species can be identified several months later from the distinctive elongated fertilised plants. However, even in flower, the short stature and colour of plants makes them hard to detect in their surrounds. Corunastylis nuda often occurs in relatively low abundance, further decreasing the chance of finding the species. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 1",""],"Corunastylis nudiscapa":["bare midge-orchid","orchid","e, -","Corunastylis nudiscapa is restricted to a few sites in the area between Hobart and Kettering. It has been recorded from open forests and woodlands on mudstone and sandstone, dominated by Eucalyptus tenuiramis, and occasionally E. obliqua or E. amygdalina, with a heathy or grassy ground layer of varying density.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Surveys for Corunastylis nudiscapa should be undertaken during its peak flowering period February to mid-April, whilst noting that fertilised plants can be identified due to the species’ distinctive leaf character in the inflorescence. Leaves have been observed as early as December. The species is difficult to detect due to its diminutive nature (especially where shrubs become denser) and usually occurs in low numbers within loose groups at any one site. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Corybas dienemus":["windswept helmet-orchid","orchid","v, CR","In Tasmania, Corybas dienemus is restricted to Macquarie Island.","This species flowers in late spring (November) through to early summer (December), and surveys are best conducted when the species is flowering. The species is deciduous so surveys are not recommended between late autumn and early spring. ","3","Island Species",""],"Corybas fordhamii":["swamp pelican-orchid","orchid","e, -","Corybas fordhamii is only known from the Darling Range on Flinders Island, where it grows in association with Melaleuca squarrosa (swamp paperbark). It is found in naturally clear areas at the edges of runnels and where vegetation is kept short by browsing. After fire in 2003 the species appears to have been restricted to areas that would have been wet when the fire went through.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. This orchid flowers from July to October on the mainland but in Tasmania it is only known from collections from Flinders Island in September, which is probably the best time to look for it here. The small plants are most easily detected in the 2 to 3 seasons following fire when the vegetation is more easily penetrable and due to the increased flowering response. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Island Species ",""],"Corybas sulcatus":["grooved helmet-orchid","orchid","e, CR","In Tasmania, Corybas sulcatus is restricted to Macquarie Island. ","This species flowers in late spring (November) through to early summer (December), and surveys are best conducted when the species is flowering. The species is deciduous so surveys are not recommended between late autumn and early spring. ","3","Island Species",""],"Cotula vulgaris var. australasica":["slender buttons","annual herb","r, -","Cotula vulgaris var. australasica habitat includes saline herbfields, rocky coastal outcrops, and wet or brackish swamps.","Flower stems are required for identification of this small herb. Flowering occurs from August to November but the species may be identifiable for longer periods in ‘good’ seasons or certain habitats.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Craspedia preminghana":["preminghana billybuttons","annual herb","e, -","Craspedia preminghana is known only from the steep southern flanks of Mount Preminghana in far north-west Tasmania, where it grows among wind-pruned coastal scrub on outcrops of basalt.","Flowers are required for identification of this robust rosette herb. Flowering occurs between October and January.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Crassula moschata":["musky stonecrop","annual herb","r, -","Crassula moschata is found in the littoral zone on beach rock stacks along the coast, on humic sandy soils on rocky shores and thin peaty soil on beach pebbles.","Reproductive stems are required for identification of this mat-forming, hairless, succulent herb. It flowers from January to March. ","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Cryptandra amara":["pretty pearlflower","shrub","e, -","Cryptandra amara grows in some of the driest areas of the State and is typically associated with fertile rocky substrates (e.g. basalt). Its habitat ranges from near-riparian rockplates to grasslands or grassy woodlands.","This small wiry shrub is most readily recognised when in flower, though its distinctive habit and foliage means that it can be identified at any time of year. The species produces abundant flowers, buds emerging in April and flowering from May to December, with a peak from August to October.","3","Group 2",""],"Cryptostylis leptochila":["small tongue-orchid","orchid","e, -","Cryptostylis leptochila is found on Flinders Island and Cape Barren Island, where it grows in open eucalypt forest with a Melaleuca (paperbark) and Leptospermum (tea-tree) shrubby understorey and in heathland on clay loams.","Cryptostylis is one of the few evergreen orchid genera in Tasmania and the erect leathery leaves are distinctive, being dark green on the upper surface and purple on the under surface, although difficult to detect amongst dense vegetation. Flowers are required to separate the species. Herbarium specimens of Tasmanian Cryptostylis leptochila have been collected in late January to early February. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Island Species ",""],"Cullen microcephalum":["dusky scurfpea","herb","r, -","Cullen microcephalum inhabits well-drained rocky areas (usually amongst dense windswept coastal heath/scrub) and the salt spray zone (then often amongst open grassland and scrub patches), most often within a few hundred metres of the coast around the west and the north-west.","Flowering of this herb occurs from November to April. Flowers aid in detection but are not required for identification (confusion with other trifoliate herbs is possible).","3","Reserve Species",""],"Cuscuta tasmanica":["golden dodder","annual herb","r, -","Cuscuta tasmanica is known from saline areas and brackish marshes often, but not exclusively, on plants of Wilsonia backhousei (narrowleaf wilsonia).","Flowering of this prostrate parasitic plant is from summer to autumn. While the species can be identified year-round, it reduces in size significantly in winter hampering detection.","2","Non-Forest Species",""],"Cyathea cunninghamii":["slender treefern","trunked fern","e, -","Cyathea cunninghamii typically grows in deep sheltered fern gullies beside creeks. Associated wet eucalypt forest is usually dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua and/or E. regnans. Most of the known extant sites occur within 3 km of the coast. Some inland sites (South Springfield, Marine Creek, Geeveston), and several sites where the species is now presumed extinct, indicate a much wider original (and potential) range. ","Surveys for this tall slender-trunked treefern can be undertaken at any time of year. Reproductive material is required to confirm the species’ identity and is present year round, therefore identifiable year round. Care needs to be taken in the field to separate this species from Cyathea x marcescens.","2","Group 3",""],"Cyathea x marcescens":["skirted treefern","trunked fern","e, -","Cyathea X marcescens is known from near-coastal fern gullies in the south-east, north-east, central north and King Island. It is a natural hybrid of the endangered C. cunninghamii and the more widespread C. australis, and will only be present where these two species co-occur.","Surveys for this tall treefern are best undertaken in mid to late summer when identifiable reproductive material is most likely to be present. The plant generally becomes reproductive when it is 1 to 1.5 m tall. Cyathea x marcescens is a natural hybrid of C. cunninghamii and C. australis, and has characteristics intermediate between these two species. ","2","Group 3",""],"Cyathodes platystoma":["tall cheeseberry","shrub","r, -","Cyathodes platystoma occurs on dolerite, mainly in wet eucalypt forests dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua, E. delegatensis and E. regnans, but extends into drier shrubby forests. It is restricted to higher rainfall, coastal environments in south-east Tasmania (South Bruny Island, parts of the Southern Forests, and its stronghold on Tasman and Forestier peninsulas). The species has not been recorded from some areas of superficially suitable habitat (e.g. Wielangta area), but occurrence in such sites should not be discounted. It is capable of regenerating after disturbance.","Flowering time of this shrub or small tree is from November to January. While the species can generally be identified when not flowering, the species may intergrade with Cyathodes glauca at the edge of its range and identification can only be confirmed when in flower.","2","Group 1","Prb"],"Cyphanthera tasmanica":["tasmanian rayflower","shrub","r, -","Cyphanthera tasmanica is confined to gullies and on hillsides on the east coast of Tasmania, often associated with granite and dolerite slopes and ridges (extending to inland areas around Avoca) and dry forests on sandstone in the Buckland/Bluff River Gorge area.","This short-lived erect shrub can be identified by its flowers and distinctive foliage. Most observations of this spring flowering species have been made from late October to early February, the recommended survey period, particularly in early years following fire as this stimulates germination from soil-stored seed in large numbers. Plants may live for about a decade. Surveys in long-undisturbed potential habitat are likely to be unsuccessful.","2","Group 1",""],"Cyrtostylis robusta":["large gnat-orchid","orchid","r, -","Cyrtostylis robusta is known from coastal or near-coastal sites in forest and heathland on well-drained soils. There is sometimes a strong correlation with Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak) on coastal dolerite cliffs.","Flowers are required for identification of this winter-flowering ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Where the two Tasmanian species of Cyrtostylis co-occur, C. robusta tends to begin flowering about two weeks earlier than C. reniformis. Cyrtostylis robusta has bright green (and often larger) leaves - this character is so consistent and obvious that detection is possible many weeks before and after flowering. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 1",""],"Damasonium minus":["starfruit","annual herb","r, -","Damasonium minus occupies swampy habitat and farm dams and prefers slow-flowing or stationary water.","A highly variable herb that may be a very small annual on water edges or within ephemerally flooded depressions, or a short-lived perennial with floating and/or emergent leaves within more permanent water bodies, particularly farm dams. Flowering can occur all year but particularly from October to February, which is also when annual examples may be present. The species can be identified using leaf shape and the highly distinctive fruit.","3","Group 2",""],"Deschampsia gracillima":["slender hairgrass","grass","r, -","Deschampsia gracillima is an alpine species that has been collected from fjaeldmark (scattered ground-dwelling shrubs and cushion plants that are growing amongst large amounts of exposed stony ground) in the Southern Ranges.","Mature inflorescences are required to identify this densely tufted summer-flowering grass. ","3","Reserve Species",""],"Desmodium gunnii":["southern ticktrefoil","herb","v, -","Desmodium gunnii occurs in the north and sub-coastal areas of the north-east, with outlying sites at Woolnorth. It grows mostly in damp sclerophyll forest and woodland, usually on fertile sites.","This trailing herb flowers from spring through to autumn. The species can be detected at any time of the year, and its tiny flowers hardly aid detection. Fruit is useful to separate the species from Desmodium varians but there is no significant overlap in habitat, so no specific survey period is recommended (fruit present in summer).","3","Group 1",""],"Desmodium varians":["slender ticktrefoil","herb","e, -","Desmodium varians occurs locally in the State’s Northern and Southern Midlands and the Fingal Valley, growing in native grassland, or open grassy shrubland or woodland, with Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) and Poa labillardierei (silver tussockgrass) being the most prominent grasses.","This slender herb flowers from spring to autumn. The species can be detected at any time of the year, and its tiny flowers hardly aid detection. Fruit is useful to separate the species from Desmodium gunnii but there is no significant overlap in habitat, so no specific survey period is recommended (fruit present in summer).","3","Group 3",""],"Deyeuxia apsleyensis":["apsley bentgrass","grass","r, -","Deyeuxia apsleyensis occurs in dry sclerophyll forest (usually dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. viminalis or E. globulus), often on rocky slopes in eastern Tasmania, where it is always associated with dolerite.","The taxonomy of native Deyeuxia species is difficult. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, and while these can be present at any time of the year, spring-summer is the ideal survey period. ","3","Group 1",""],"Deyeuxia brachyathera":["short bentgrass","grass","r, -","Deyeuxia brachyathera occurs in a range of vegetation types, mainly on fertile substrates (e.g. dolerite). Vegetation types include wet and dry sclerophyll forest at mid elevations, and wet moors and soaks within highland grasslands.","The taxonomy of native Deyeuxia species is difficult. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, and while these can be present at any time of the year, spring-summer is the ideal survey period. ","3","Group 1",""],"Deyeuxia decipiens":["trickery bentgrass","grass","r, -","The habitat of Deyeuxia decipiens is poorly understood because of a paucity of records, but includes lowland dry sclerophyll forest on the central east coast and mid elevation forest at Snug Tiers, both sites on dolerite.","The taxonomy of native Deyeuxia species is difficult. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, and while these can be present at any time of the year, spring-summer is the ideal survey period. ","3","Group 3",""],"Deyeuxia lawrencei":["lawrences bentgrass","grass","x, -","Deyeuxia lawrencei is known only from the type specimen collected around 1831 from an unknown location, possibly from the Launceston area. Habitat is unknown because the precise location of the only collection is not known. Deyeuxia lawrencei is presumed extinct.","The taxonomy of native Deyeuxia species is difficult. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, and while these can be present at any time of the year, spring-summer is the ideal survey period (the only specimen ever collected was from late December). ","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Deyeuxia minor":["small bentgrass","grass","r, -","Deyeuxia minor inhabits open eucalypt forests or the margins of wet sclerophyll forest in the south-west, south and north-east of the State.","The taxonomy of native Deyeuxia species is difficult, especially for separating D. minor from D. densa. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, and while these can be present at any time of the year, spring-summer is the ideal survey period. ","3","Group 1",""],"Dianella amoena":["grassland flaxlily","graminoid","r, EN","Dianella amoena occurs mainly in the northern and southern Midlands, where it grows in native grasslands and grassy woodlands.","This lily can be detected throughout much of the year, particularly if flowers and fruit are present (leaves are distinctive). Detection in colder months can be more difficult due to browsing or dense grass. Flowering occurs in spring/summer. ","3","Group 1","Prb"],"Discaria pubescens":["spiky anchorplant","shrub","e, -","Discaria pubescens is found sporadically in the Midlands and more abundantly in drier parts of the Central Highlands. It grows on sandy or gravelly soil, in basalt talus slopes and clefts amongst fractured dolerite rocks and flood channels. Many sites are in rough pasture, and it also grows on roadsides. Recent collections indicate the species is occasionally associated with sandstone outcrops.","This bushy shrub has distinctive anchor-like thorns, and can be identified throughout the year. Flowering is from October to December but flowers and fruit are not required for identification. Confusion with Melicytus angustifolius is possible from a distance (both are dark green compact shrubs).","2","Group 2",""],"Diuris lanceolata":["Large golden moths","orchid","e, EN","Diuris lanceolata occurs in the north-west of Tasmania in coastal scrub and windswept coastal grassland and heathland among dwarfed shrubs and sedges on moist to well-drained sandy and clay loam, sometimes on rocky outcrops.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. This species flowers from November to January, with most flowering in November (sometimes mid to late October, depending on seasonal conditions). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Reserve Species","Prb"],"Diuris palustris":["swamp doubletail","orchid","e, -","Diuris palustris occurs in coastal areas in grassy open eucalypt forest, sedgy grassland and heathland with Leptospermum (teatree) and Melaleuca (paperbark) on poorly- to moderately-drained sandy peat and loams, usually in sites that are wet in winter.","This ground orchid dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Flowers are required for its identification. Flowering occurs from September to December but mainly peaks around October. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Drosera glanduligera":["scarlet sundew","annual herb","e, -","Drosera glanduligera occurs in low nutrient, sandy or loamy soils in heathlands and woodlands in the north-east and on Flinders Island.","This small ephemeral herb can be identified from vegetative characters. The presence of flowers will aid detection and identification. Flowering occurs from September to November.","3","Group 1",""],"Dryopoa dives":["giant mountaingrass","grass","r, -","Dryopoa dives occurs on Snug Plains in wet or damp sclerophyll forest, teatree scrub and sedgeland, often on the edge of animal or vehicular tracks. Typically it occurs within clumps of Gahnia grandis (cutting grass) in the ecotone between heathy moorlands and damp sclerophyll forest. Some occurrences are associated with old sawmill sites.","Reproductive material is required for identification of this tall, robust, coarse, tufted grass, which flowers from November to March. As the species has often been recorded after fire and on track edges, surveys should focus on recently burnt sites or sites kept open by disturbance.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Elaeocarpus reticulatus":["blueberry ash","shrub/tree","r, -","Elaeocarpus reticulatus is restricted to King and Flinders islands. On Flinders Island, it mostly occurs in moist sheltered sites in lowland forests. On King Island, including wet eucalypt forest, tall/wet scrub, riparian vegetation, coastal scrub and teatree scrub.","This shrub or small tree can be identified throughout the year from vegetative features. Flowering is from October to January. Flowers and fruit marginally aid detection but are not needed for identification.","1","Island Species ",""],"Epacris apsleyensis":["apsley heath","shrub","e, EN","Epacris apsleyensis is confined to the catchments of the Apsley River and Denison Rivulet. It occurs in dolerite-based Eucalyptus amygdalina dry sclerophyll forest on moderately sheltered flats, riparian zone, lower slopes and rocky mid to upper slopes.","This erect multi-stemmed shrub can be distinguished from other Epacris species by the enclosure of all flower parts within the corolla tube. Flowers aid detection and identification. Flowers are produced from January, peaks in autumn and continues sporadically until late spring.","2","Group 3","Hs"],"Epacris barbata":["bearded heath","shrub","e, EN","Epacris barbata is found only on Freycinet Peninsula and Schouten Island. It occurs exclusively on granite-based siliceous soils, growing in open heath and heathy woodland/forest in hilly and low-lying terrain from 30-500 m above sea level.","This erect multi-stemmed woody shrub can be distinguished from other Epacris species by its large floral parts and its densely pubescent sepals. Flowers aid detection and enable identification of the species. Flowering commences in early spring and is complete by late spring.","2","Reserve Species","Hs"],"Epacris curtisiae":["northwest heath","shrub","r, -","Epacris curtisiae occurs in peaty soils on gently undulating terrain in association with wet heathlands and scrub in the north-west, at elevations below 300 m.","This erect slender-stemmed shrub flowers from August to October. Flowers aid detection and identification, though the growth form and leaf characteristics also allow Epacris curtisiae to be separated from other potentially co-occurring Epacris species. ","2","Group 3","Hs"],"Epacris exserta":["south esk heath","shrub","e, EN","Epacris exserta occurs along the lower reaches of the South Esk, North Esk and Supply rivers. It is a strictly riparian species that grows in areas subject to periodic inundation, mainly on alluvium amongst dolerite boulders within dense riparian scrub, and occasionally in open rocky sites. It has been recorded from 10-310 m above sea level.","This erect multi-stemmed shrub is best identified during its flowering period from September to late October. Survey usually requires wading along rivers at the edge of the flood-zone as it often occurs overhanging the water and dense riparian scrub frequently makes it is difficult to detect from the bank. ","3","Group 2","Ms"],"Epacris glabella":["smooth heath","shrub","e, EN","The Renison Bell and Savage River populations of Epacris glabella occur on Cambrian serpentinite in hilly terrain at 300-470 m above sea level, within heath, open scrub or dry Eucalyptus nitida woodland. Near the Wilson River, the species also occurs on ultramafic (serpentinite) substrate, in open pans surrounded by scrubby E. nebulosa woodland. The Gordon River population occurs at lower altitude (50 m above sea level) on sparsely vegetated Precambrian quartzite outcrops prone to flooding.","This slender shrub is best detected during its flowering period in spring. However, the growth form and leaf characteristics also allow Epacris glabella to be separated from other potentially co-occurring Epacris species.","2","Group 3","Hs"],"Epacris grandis":["tall heath","shrub","e, EN","Epacris grandis is restricted to a small area in the foothills of the Eastern Tiers in the catchments of the Swan, Douglas and Apsley rivers from 30-530 m above sea level. It occurs on dolerite and associated alluvium in riparian environments and dry sclerophyll forest dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua and E. amygdalina.","This tall robust woody shrub is most easily found during its flowering period, in late spring to early summer, as flowers aid detection and enable identification. Identifiable flowers persist after flowering has finished. ","3","Group 3","Hs"],"Epacris graniticola":["granite heath","shrub","v, CR","Epacris graniticola is restricted to granite outcrops and granite peaks of low mountains (e.g. Mt Stronach, Mt Cameron) in north-eastern Tasmania. It is usually found growing amongst clumps of moss and lichen in moist depressions and fissures on exposed rock platforms, but may also grow in seepage areas associated with granite slabs in dry scrub and forest. The elevation range of known sites is 80-730 m above sea level.","This erect multi-stemmed woody shrub is best identified during its flowering period, September to late October, as flowers aid detection and enable identification. ","2","Reserve Species","Ms"],"Epacris limbata":["bordered heath","shrub","e, CR","Epacris limbata occurs in the foothills of the Eastern Tiers in the catchments of the Swan and Apsley Rivers, at elevations of 200-320 m above sea level. It is restricted to damp soils on dolerite (near its contact with sedimentary substrate) in ecotonal environments between heath and heathy woodland/forest (dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. tenuiramis and E. ovata) on flats associated with marshes and drainage lines.","This erect woody shrub has a distinctive leaf form and arrangement, but is most easily detected during its flowering period, in late spring to summer. Identifiable flowers persist after flowering has finished. ","2","Group 3","Hs"],"Epacris moscaliana":["seepage heath","shrub","r, -","Epacris moscaliana occurs in riparian environments and marshes associated with some rivers in the Eastern Tiers (e.g. St Pauls River, Dukes River), north-east (Nile River) and central north (Mersey River). The species has mainly recorded on dolerite from riparian vegetation and the ecotone between wet scrub and Eucalyptus pauciflora-E. dalrympleana forest; from Callitris oblonga-E. ovata forest on Quaternary alluvium; and moist south-facing rock plates and flats on Ordovician conglomerates and sandstones (Gog Range, Mersey River).","This much-branched shrub is best identified during its flowering period, September to November, as flowers aid detection and enable confirmation of its identity.","3","Group 2","Ms"],"Epacris stuartii":["southport heath","shrub","e, CR","Epacris stuartii is restricted to Southport Bluff, where it occurs in heathland on an exposed dolerite headland. Most plants occur in well-drained, shallow soils with others on rocky outcrops with either no soil, or small amounts of soil or moss.","This small, erect or semi-prostrate multi-stemmed woody shrub is best identified during its flowering period, from late winter to early spring, as flowers aid detection and enable confirmation of the identity. ","3","Reserve Species","Ms"],"Epacris virgata":["pretty heath","shrub","v, EN","Epacris virgata (Kettering) occurs among foothills in south-eastern Tasmania in dry sclerophyll forest on hilly terrain at elevations of 10-300 m above sea level, mainly on dolerite, though sometimes close to the geological boundary of dolerite and Permian mudstone. It is generally associated with grassy/heathy Eucalyptus ovata woodland/forest, but is also occasionally found in grassy/heathy E. pulchella woodland/forest.","This erect shrub can be identified at any time of the year using vegetative characters but flowers aid detection (old flower spikes are almost always present so separation from other species in the Epacris tasmanica species-complex is possible).","2","Group 1","Hs"],"Epilobium pallidiflorum":["showy willowherb","herb","r, -","Epilobium pallidiflorum occurs in wet places (e.g. natural wetlands amongst forest, margins of Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest, scrubby-sedgy E. ovata woodland on heavy soils, etc.) mostly in the north and north-west of the State.","Flowers and fruits are required to identify this herb. The peak flowering period is from October to March, but some observations, perhaps associated with wetter autumns, have extended through to July.","2","Group 1",""],"Epilobium willisii":["carpet willowherb","herb","r, -","Epilobium willisii occurs in wet montane herbfields around the central mountains and bare places around the eastern mountains.","Flowers and fruits are required to identify this herb. Flowering is predominantly from December to February.","3","Group 1",""],"Erioderma sorediatum":["lichen","lichen","e, -","Erioderma sorediatum has been recorded from the cool temperate rainforests of the far north-west. The species can be found at the forest margins, where it opportunistically colonises better-lit sites within the rainforest environment.","This flat leaf-like lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Eryngium ovinum":["blue devil","herb","v, -","Eryngium ovinum occurs in a range of lowland vegetation types most often on fertile heavy clay soils derived from dolerite. Vegetation types include open grasslands usually dominated by Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), grassy forests and woodlands on slopes, ridges and broad flats, and also roadside verges (representing remnant populations),","Eryngium ovinum is a herb with distinctive spiny foliage (arranged in basal rosettes) and metallic-blue flower-heads (present from November to January). Surveys can be undertaken any time of the year but the species can die back in very dry periods and the blue flowers aid detection amongst dense grass.","2","Group 1",""],"Eucalyptus barberi":["barbers gum","tree","r, -","Eucalyptus barberi occurs on dolerite-derived soils on the central east coast of Tasmania, with disjunct populations occurring in the Wielangta area. The species tends to occur on broad ridgelines, saddles and flats, often with high surface rock cover (including at the edge of dolerite rock plates). Eucalyptus barberi generally occurs in localised stands in heathy/grassy eucalypt forest and woodland, typically dominated by E. pulchella, with E. viminalis and E. ovata also present on some sites.","This mallee-form eucalypt can be identified at any time of the year, though mature trees (with capsules) may be needed for identification - these will usually be present within a population. Eucalyptus barberi can hybridise with E. ovata, and individuals with intermediate characteristics may be present when the two species co-occur. The main flowering period is from March to August, broadly peaking between April and July.","1","Group 2",""],"Eucalyptus globulus subsp. pseudoglobulus":["gippsland blue gum","tree","r, -","Eucalyptus globulus subsp. pseudoglobulus has been recorded from the far north of Flinders Island, Inner Sister Island and Rodondo Island. On the latter it occurs in Melaleuca armillaris forest with a damp understorey (ferns, etc.).","This tree can be identified at any time of the year, though mature individuals (with capsules) are required for identification of this species. This species is similar to Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus and is distinguished mainly by the smaller capsules that are in groups of three compared with Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus that normally has 1 bud per flowering part. The 3-fruited Eucalyptus globulus in the north of Flinders Island and nearby offshore islands are sometimes ascribed to Eucalyptus globulus subsp. pseudoglobulus and may be intermediate between the two subspecies.","1","Island Species ",""],"Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata":["miena cider gum","tree","e, EN","Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. divaricata dominates open woodland and woodland with grassy/heathy/shrubby understoreys on dolerite around the Great Lake region on the Central Plateau. The most characteristic forms are found towards the exposed edges of treeless flats, which tend to be poorly drained and prone to severe frost (the species is the most frost-tolerant of any eucalypt). It also extends to adjacent rocky slopes, often dominated by E. delegatensis. The recorded altitude range is 865-1150 m a.s.l.","Flowering of this spreading (occasionally mallee-form) tree peaks from December to January. Characters used in identification are present in populations at any time of year. They include growth habit, degree of glaucousness, and capsule characters. ​It can be difficult to differentiate, because it is part of a continuum (or cline) involving Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. gunnii and E. archeri, which both co-occur within its range. The most differentiated forms of E. gunnii subsp. divaricata are found at the edges of frost hollows, where environmental conditions are harshest. ","3","Group 3",""],"Eucalyptus morrisbyi":["morrisbys gum","tree","e, EN","Eucalyptus morrisbyi occurs in coastal, dry sclerophyll woodland on gentle to hilly slopes with poor drainage. It tends to be restricted to gullies that offer some relief in this drought-prone, low rainfall area. It is associated with poor soils. The Calverts Hill subpopulation and associated remnant stands occur on recent sands overlying dolerite and the Risdon subpopulation on Permian mudstone.","This small tree can be detected at any time of the year, though mature trees (with capsules) are required for identification of this species. It can hybridise with white gum (Eucalyptus viminalis). Peak flowering occurs from February to May.","1","Reserve Species",""],"Eucalyptus perriniana":["spinning gum","tree","r, -","Eucalyptus perriniana is localised in the southern Midlands (Hungry Flats, near Tunnack) and Espies Crag and Duckholes Lagoon (Derwent Valley). All sites comprise seasonally-inundated and frost-prone marshes on Triassic sediments, at altitudes of 500-600 m a.s.l. Eucalyptus perriniana co-occurs with E. rodwayi in sedgy dry sclerophyll woodland, sometimes with Sphagnum moss conspicuous on sites which have escaped recent fire. Eucalyptus perriniana can extend into the margins of E. tenuiramis-E. rubida forest and woodland, which occupies adjacent better-drained sites.","This small tree (rarely exceeding 6 m) can have a mallee habit or a single trunk, and can be identified at any time of the year by its growth form, habitat, glaucousness and distinctive fused juvenile leaves, which persists in adult plants - older fused leaves break away from stems to form spinning discs. Mature trees (with flowers or capsules) are useful for identification. In its natural habitat, Eucalyptus perriniana can hybridise with E. rodwayi, E. rubida (and E. nitens in nearby plantations). Flowering is from November to May, with peak flowering in February to March.","1","Group 3",""],"Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata":["forth river peppermint","tree","r, -","Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata is largely restricted to the middle and upper sections of the Forth River catchment, where it occurs on basalt, granite, quartzite, sediments and metamorphic substrates. It is present as a dominant or co-dominant in dry sclerophyll and damp sclerophyll forest, and in taller wet sclerophyll forest on more favourable sites (typically lower slopes of major river valleys). Outlying stands may be present in middle sections of the Mersey River catchment.","This medium to tall tree can be identified at any time of the year. Mature trees (with capsules) and juvenile leaves are required for identification. Eucalyptus radiata subsp. radiata intergrades with E. amygdalina and E. nitida. ","3","Group 2",""],"Eucalyptus risdonii":["risdon peppermint","tree","r, -","Eucalyptus risdonii is restricted to the greater Hobart area (particularly the Meehan Range), with an outlying population at Mangalore and on South Arm. It occurs on mudstone, with an altitudinal range from near sea level to 150 m above sea level. It can occur as a dominant in low open forest with a sparse understorey on dry, insolated ridgelines and slopes (e.g. with a north-west aspect), and individuals can extend into other forest types typically dominated by E. tenuiramis or E. amygdalina (but occasionally by other species) on less exposed sites.","This small tree or mallee-form shrub can be identified at any time of the year though mature trees (with buds, flowers or capsules) are useful for identification. Eucalyptus risdonii intergrades with E. tenuiramis but can be distinguished from this species by the higher proportion of individuals with fruit at nodes with juvenile foliage. The species also hybridises and intergrades with E. amygdalina. The main flowering period is from August to January, peaking in October and November. ","3","Group 2",""],"Euphrasia amphisysepala":["shiny cliff-eyebright","herb","r, VU","Euphrasia amphisysepala is restricted to coastal dolerite south-east or south-west facing cliffs on the Tasman Peninsula. It tends to occur on relatively moist and shady ledges, rock crevices and on patches of bare ground extending from the base to the tops of cliffs where the vegetation is not too dense. The species may extend away from the cliff edge after fire but will retreat to the cliff faces as the vegetation thickens.","Mature plants with flowers are required for identification and aid detection of this short-lived herb or undershrub, though leaves at reproductive nodes (bracts) are distinctive. Peak flowering occurs in November to December. The species may produce some flowers in autumn in suitable seasons.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Euphrasia amplidens":["pieman eyebright","herb","e, -","Euphrasia amplidens occurs on broad flats with impeded drainage, effectively permanently slightly inundated due to the high regional annual rainfall, surrounded by denser shrubby eucalypt woodland dominated by Eucalyptus nebulosa. Plants grow on the margins of the open sediment pans and on the edges of small slightly raised islands of heathy vegetation amongst the pans. At present the species is thought to be restricted to ultramafic substrates (serpentinite) at elevations of 110-190 above sea level.","Mature plants with flowers are required for identification and aid detection of this short-lived herb or undershrub, though the leaves are distinctive. Peak flowering occurs in spring.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Euphrasia collina subsp. tetragona":["northcoast eyebright","herb","e, -","Euphrasia collina subsp. tetragona occurs in dune swale vegetation, including remnant patches of grassland and rocky outcrops near the coast. Its habitat is associated with open patches maintained by disturbance.","Flowering plants are required for identification and aid detection of this relatively short-lived (up to 3 to 5 years) herb. The listing includes plants sometimes ascribed to Euphrasia collina subsp. Northwest Tasmania. Peak flowering occurs in late spring. Subpopulations may be short-lived, being dependent on gap forming disturbance and abundant rainfall to promote re-establishment from soil-stored seed.","3","Reserve Species","In"],"Euphrasia collina subsp. deflexifolia":["eastern eyebright","herb","r, -","Euphrasia collina subsp. deflexifolia occurs in open woodland or heath (sometimes extending to forest), often associated with road edges, tracks and depressions near the headwaters of creeks. Its habitat is associated with the availability of open patches of ground maintained by fire or other disturbance, the proximity of low vegetation and relatively high soil moisture in spring.","Flowering plants are required for identification and aid detection of this relatively short-lived (up to 3 to 5 years) herb. Peak flowering of most subpopulations occurs in late spring to early summer, with some autumn flowering in suitable seasons. Flowering of some subpopulations peaks in late September and these subpopulations tend also to have a reasonable autumn flush of flowers. Subpopulations may be short-lived, being dependent on gap forming disturbance and abundant rainfall to promote re-establishment from soil stored seed. Specimens may require specialist confirmation.","3","Group 2",""],"Euphrasia collina subsp. gunnii":["gunns eyebright","herb","r, -","See Euphrasia collina subsp. deflexifolia. While Euphrasia collina subsp. gunnii is listed as threatened, the taxonomy is confused and plants sometimes ascribed to this taxon are treated as Euphrasia collina subsp. deflexifolia by DPIPWE.","See Euphrasia collina subsp. deflexifolia. While Euphrasia collina subsp. gunnii is listed as threatened, the taxonomy is difficult and plants sometimes ascribed to this taxon are treated as Euphrasia collina subsp. deflexifolia by DPIPWE.","3","Group 2",""],"Euphrasia fragosa":["shy eyebright","herb","e, CR","Euphrasia fragosa occurs in coastal areas in heathy, grassy or sedgy open woodland or at the forest edge, particularly along animal, walking or vehicular tracks. Its habitat is associated with open patches of ground, maintained by fire or other disturbance, within low vegetation with a relatively high soil moisture in spring.","Flowering plants are required for identification and aid detection of this relatively short-lived (up to 3 to 5 years) herb. Populations may be transient and dependent on gap creating disturbance such as fire to stimulate germination of soil stored seed. Euphrasia fragosa is difficult to find unless in flower. Peak flowering occurs in November to December but some flowers can generally be found at other times, particularly in autumn. Specimens may require specialist confirmation.","3","Group 3",""],"Euphrasia gibbsiae subsp. pulvinestris":["cushionplant eyebright","herb","r, -","Euphrasia gibbsiae subsp. pulvinestris has been predominantly recorded from bolster heath (cushion plant communities) in the Mt Field region.","Flowering plants are required for identification and aid detection of this herb. Flowering occurs from January to February.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Euphrasia gibbsiae subsp. wellingtonensis":["mt wellington eyebright","herb","r, -","Euphrasia gibbsiae subsp. wellingtonensis occurs in a variety of vegetation types on Mount Wellington, including sphagnum bogs, bolster heath and open montane shrubbery.","Flowering plants are required for identification and aid detection of this herb. Flowering occurs from November to January.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Euphrasia gibbsiae subsp. psilantherea":["swamp eyebright","herb","e, CR","Euphrasia gibbsiae subsp. psilantherea occurs amongst low sedges in open wet coastal sedgeland/heathland that is frequently waterlogged in winter. Its habitat is associated with gaps created by fire, seasonal inundation and/or disturbance.","Flowering plants are required for identification and aid detection of this relatively short-lived (up to 3 to 5 years) herb. It is reliant on recruitment from seed in gaps in the vegetation. The species has two main flowering seasons in September/October and March/April, with plants easier to detect in autumn due to the reduced presence of other plants with predominately white flowers open at this time.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Euphrasia phragmostoma":["hairy cliff-eyebright","herb","v, VU","Euphrasia phragmostoma is restricted to coastal dolerite cliffs on the Tasman Peninsula. It tends to be found on relatively moist and shady ledges, rock crevices and on patches of bare ground extending from the base to the tops of cliffs where the vegetation is not too dense. The species may extend away from the cliff edge after fire but will retreat to the cliff faces as the vegetation thickens.","Mature plants with flowers are required for identification and aid detection of this short-lived herb or undershrub, though leaves at reproductive nodes (bracts) are distinctive. Peak flowering occurs in November to December. The species may produce some flowers in autumn in suitable seasons.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Euphrasia scabra":["yellow eyebright","herb","e, -","Euphrasia scabra occurs in moist herb/sedge communities in grassy leads in marshes and in drier open grassy areas at the headwaters of creeks. Its habitat is associated with gaps created by grazing, flooding or other disturbance. It has been recorded from scattered sites throughout lowland areas of Tasmania, including the north-west coast, central north, Midlands, Eastern Tiers and around Hobart. However, it is considered to be extinct from many of these sites, and populations are low and transient in areas (Eastern Tiers and Hobart) with the greatest probability of still supporting the species.","This herb is difficult to detect unless in flower (vegetatively it ‘hides’ amongst dense undergrowth). When in flower, the species is unmistakable (although superficially similar to Parentucellia viscosa, a weedy herb). Peak flowering occurs in mid-December for subpopulations in the south of the State and February for subpopulations in the northeast.","3","Group 2",""],"Euphrasia semipicta":["peninsula eyebright","herb","e, EN","Euphrasia semipicta is restricted to the Tasman Peninsula, occurring in coastal heathy woodland and heath, particularly along animal, walking and vehicular tracks. Habitat is associated with the availability of open patches of ground maintained by fire or other disturbance, the proximity of low vegetation and relatively high soil moisture in spring.","Flowering plants are required for identification and aid detection of this relatively short-lived (up to 3 to 5 years) herb. Peak flowering occurs in spring with some autumn flowering dependent on season. Specimens may require specialist confirmation, especially to determine which of the informally recognised forms has been detected.","3","Group 2",""],"Euphrasia sp. Bivouac Bay":["masked cliff-eyebright","herb","e, EN","Euphrasia sp. Bivouac Bay is restricted to coastal dolerite cliffs on the Tasman Peninsula. It tends to be found on relatively moist and shady ledges, rock crevices and on patches of bare ground extending from the base to the tops of cliffs where the vegetation is not too dense. The species may extend away from the cliff edge after fire but will retreat to the cliff faces as the vegetation thickens.","Mature plants with flowers are required for identification and aid detection of this short-lived herb or undershrub, though leaves at reproductive nodes (bracts) are distinctive. Peak flowering occurs in November to December. The species may produce some flowers in autumn in suitable seasons.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Eutaxia microphylla":["spiny bushpea","shrub","r, -","On Flinders Island, Eutaxia microphylla mainly occurs in windswept coastal heathland on calcarenite. On mainland Tasmania, the species usually occurs in low open coastal shrubbery and on cliff edges (various substrates). There is an apparently outlier that occurs in dense roadside grass (mainly Themeda triandra) and Acacia dealbata (silver wattle) heathy scrub along the Esk Main Road.","The presence of flowers will aid detection of this prostrate, spreading, much-branched distinctive shrub. Flowering occurs in spring. ","3","Group 3",""],"Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii":["southern seaheath","shrub","r, -","Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii is restricted to coastal areas, occurring on exposed granite in the spray zone, usually on the north and north-western shores (Furneaux Group islands) and in saltmarshes (Short and Harcus islands in Robbins Strait on the north-west coast).","This small much-branched creeping undershrub can be detected at any time of the year and identified from vegetative features. Flowering occurs over most of the year. The presence of flowers marginally aids the detection of the species.","2","Non-Forest Species",""],"Galium antarcticum":["subantarctic bedstraw","herb","e, CR","In Tasmania, Galium antarcticum is restricted to Macquarie Island. ","This weak herb growing to 4 to 5 cm tall is best searched for in January when in flower and more conspicuous (although there are no confusing species).","3","Island Species ",""],"Geococcus pusillus":["earth cress","annual herb","r, -","Geococcus pusillus occurs on the Furneaux Islands on granite overlain by sand and is associated with gaps amongst Rhagodia candolleana (coastal saltbush).","This herb emerges in years of favourable cool-season rainfall. It has been observed in small gaps and its habit of burying its fruit is distinctive. In Tasmania, the species has been collected from mid-August to early October, making this period the recommended timing for surveys, especially after good rainfall and gap-forming disturbance.","3","Island Species ","e, -"],"Geum talbotianum":["tasmanian snowrose","herb","r, -","Geum talbotianum is restricted to rocky places, often in the shelter of boulders, at high altitudes in the southern mountains in Tasmania.","The large flowers aid detection of this rosette herb with distinctive leaves. Flowering in summer.","2","Reserve Species",""],"Glossostigma elatinoides":["small mudmat","herb","r, -","Glossostigma elatinoides is an aquatic plant that occurs submerged in shallow water and on the banks of streams.","Flowers are required for identification of this small, hairless, much-branched creeping herb. Flowering is from December to May.","3","Group 1",""],"Glycine latrobeana":["clover glycine","herb","v, VU","Glycine latrobeana occurs in a range of habitats, geologies and vegetation types. Soils are usually fertile but can be sandy when adjacent to or overlaying fertile soils. The species mainly occurs on flats and undulating terrain over a wide geographical range, including near-coastal environments, the Midlands, and the Central Plateau. It mainly occurs in grassy/heathy forests and woodlands and native grasslands.","This trailing herb can be identified (with experience) from its trifoliate leaves, but the presence of flowers (September to November) or seedpods is useful. The species is palatable and usually heavily browsed, so often goes undetected amongst dense grass. ","3","Group 1",""],"Glycine microphylla":["small-leaf glycine","herb","v, -","Glycine microphylla occurs in dry to dampish sclerophyll forest and woodland in the north and east of the State, with outlying sites at Woolnorth.","This twining herb can be identified (with experience) from its trifoliate leaves, but the presence of flowers (September to November) or seedpods is useful. ","3","Group 1",""],"Gompholobium ecostatum":["dwarf wedgepea","shrub","e, -","Gompholobium ecostatum is restricted to heaths and heathy woodlands of the sandy plains on Flinders Island in Bass Strait.","Flowering plants are required for identification and aid detection of this small, erect or horizontally spreading shrub. Flowering occurs from November to January.","3","Island Species ","Ms"],"Goodenia geniculata":["bent native-primrose","herb","e, -","Goodenia geniculata is restricted to the State’s north-west. At Rocky Cape, the species occurs in coastal dry low heathland on north-facing, moderately steep midslopes to gentle lower slopes, on well-drained soils derived from Precambrian metamorphic sequences between 10-120 m above sea level. Behind Port Latta near Crayfish Creek, the species was detected from a frequently slashed and wide powerline easement through eastern moorland at an elevation of about 15 m above sea level.","While surveys for this herb could perhaps be conducted at any time of the year, it is significantly easier to detect individuals when flowering, which mainly occurs from September to January, making this the recommended time for surveys. The presence of flowers and fruit also facilitates differentiation from the more common Goodenia lanata. Plants appear to be short-lived and surveys should focus on areas following gap-forming disturbance such as fire or slashing that promote recruitment from any soil-stored seed.","3","Group 3",""],"Gratiola pubescens":["hairy brooklime","herb","r, -","Gratiola pubescens is most commonly located in permanently or seasonally damp or swampy ground, including the margins of farm dams.","This erect to procumbent herb can be identified from vegetative characteristics (in particular leaf and stem hairs, although these can be lacking when submerged in water) though the presence of flowers may confirm identification and aid detection. Most observations from Tasmania have been made from December to March, but collections are possible year-round, with the extent of winter dieback influenced by local conditions. The species flowers in late spring and summer, although old fruit is often present year-round.","3","Group 1",""],"Gynatrix pulchella":["fragrant hempbush","shrub","r, -","Gynatrix pulchella occurs as a riparian shrub, found along rivers and drainage channels, sometimes extending onto adjacent floodplains (including old paddocks), predominantly in the north of the State.","This weedy-looking woody shrub can be detected at any time of the year based on growth habit and leaf morphology (flowers are not needed). The male and female flowers are borne on different plants. Flowering is from August to December.","2","Group 1",""],"Gyrostemon thesioides":["broom wheelfruit","shrub","r, -","Gyrostemon thesioides occurs predominately on dolerite or granite in Allocasuarina (sheoak) forest in the State’s east and north-east, including the Furneaux Group.","Extension surveys for this short-lived species (less than 10 years) should focus on recently burnt areas as the species stores seed in the soil for long periods of time and germinates prolifically after fire, and then is often absent for long periods of no disturbance. Surveys in long-undisturbed potential habitat are likely to be unsuccessful.","3","Group 2",""],"Hackelia latifolia":["forest houndstongue","herb","r, -","Hackelia latifolia has been recorded from a few scattered sites in the State’s north, east and King Island. Habitat includes damp and wet eucalypt forest (along creeklines and rivers), and Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest (along river/creek margins and extending on to adjacent steeper slopes).","This herb flowers in spring to summer. Surveys for the species can be undertaken at any time of year due to its distinctive scabrous foliage.","2","Group 2",""],"Hakea ulicina":["furze needlebush","shrub","v, -","Hakea ulicina is restricted to the Furneaux Group, where it occurs in heaths and scrubs.","This dense shrub can be identified by its leaves and persistent fruit. Flowering occurs in spring. ","2","Island Species ","Ss"],"Haloragis aspera":["rough raspwort","herb","v, -","Haloragis aspera is presumed to occur in wet areas in the eastern part of the State. There are taxonomic issues with this species in Tasmania. It is likely to be excluded from the next Census of Vascular Plants in Tasmania.","The presence of flowers will allow this small herb to be identified more confidently as a Haloragis species. Haloragis aspera can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its leaves. Flowering is from October to March. The species is very poorly understood in Tasmania, known only from tentatively determined collections.","3","Group 2",""],"Haloragis heterophylla":["variable raspwort","herb","r, -","Haloragis heterophylla occurs in poorly-drained sites (sometimes only marginally so), which are often associated with grasslands and grassy woodlands with a high component of Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass). It also occurs in grassy/sedgy Eucalyptus ovata forest and woodland, shrubby creek lines, and broad sedgy/grassy flats, wet pasture and margins of farm dams.","Flowering of this herb is from September to February. Vegetative features can be used to distinguish Haloragis heterophylla from other members of the genus at any time of the year, although seasonal conditions can induce dieback and dormancy.","3","Group 1",""],"Haloragis myriocarpa":["prickly raspwort","herb","r, -","Haloragis myriocarpa occupies poorly-drained habitats such as shrubby/sedgy swamps and wetlands including Lepidosperma longitudinale (spreading swordsedge) sedgeland with emergent shrubs such as Leptospermum lanigerum (woolly teatree), Melaleuca gibbosa (slender honeymyrtle) and Melaleuca virens (prickly bottlebrush), and herbs such as Centella cordifolia, Ranunculus amphitrichus and Scaevola hookeri (with the occasional Eucalyptus ovata). Sites on Flinders Island are mostly associated with ‘wetland herbfields’.","This herb can form dense stands in suitable habitat after disturbance events such as wildfire but is undetectable most of the time when scrub/heath is dense. Flowers and fruit are not required for detection or identification as the growth habit, appearance and leaf morphology is distinct.","3","Group 2",""],"Hardenbergia violacea":["purple coral pea","climber","e, -","Hardenbergia violacea is (naturally) restricted to the Pontos Hills near Penna and is associated with sandstone outcrops, where it occurs on rocky ground in grassy Eucalyptus viminalis woodland. Plants often occupy sites where spiny shrubs or fallen trees provide protection from animal browsing. They also grow in deep rocky crevices where animals cannot gain access.","This prostrate scrambling plant can be readily identified when not in flower, though the presence of flowers will aid detection. Flowering is from July to late November with pods developing through December. Soil-stored seed may germinate in response to fire or other physical disturbance, such as native animal diggings.","2","Group 3",""],"Hedycarya angustifolia":["australian mulberry","shrub/tree","r, -","Hedycarya angustifolia only occurs only on King Island, where its habitat includes forests dominated by Eucalyptus brookeriana, E. globulus and Melaleuca ericifolia (swamp paperbark) along rivers, creeks, in deep gullies and adjacent slopes.","This shrub or small tree can be identified throughout the year from vegetative features. Flowers and fruit marginally aid detection but are not needed for identification.","1","Island Species ",""],"Hibbertia basaltica":["basalt guineaflower","shrub","e, EN","Hibbertia basaltica is restricted to areas of basalt between Pontville and Bridgewater in southern Tasmania where it occurs on slopes along the lower reaches of the Jordan River and one of its tributaries, in native grassland dominated by Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) and Austrostipa (spear grass) species with the occasional Bursaria spinosa (prickly box). Rock cover is high, while soils are shallow clay loams. Slopes vary from 0-15 degrees, and altitude 15-45 m above sea level. Note that a very similar taxon, possibly undescribed or within a broader concept of H. basaltica, occurs in similar habitat but on Jurassic dolerite in the same part of the State; currently all such sites are shown on databases as H. sp. Richmond dolerite.","Flowers are required to identify this mat-forming woody sub-shrub. Flowering may occur from late September to early January, peaking in mid-late October, the recommended survey period. The species is very showy when in flower and can be easily detected in its typical native grassland habitat, though difficulties may be encountered later in the season due to the abundant annual growth of native grasses, as well as the proliferation of yellow-flowered exotic daisies in the more degraded native pastures.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Hibbertia calycina":["lesser guineaflower","shrub","v, -","Hibbertia calycina is found only in the north-east near Scamander and St Helens where it occurs on ridgelines and upper slope areas in Eucalyptus sieberi forest on Devonian mudstone. It favours sheltered north and west facing slopes, with soils that are extremely shallow, free-draining and relatively stony with little moisture-holding capacity and low nutrient status.","The growth habit and foliage of this low to medium dense shrub is distinctive, especially when combined with habitat, and will be sufficient for the experienced observer. Most flowering occurs in spring and to a lesser extent in autumn, with observations scattered throughout the year. Flowers facilitate detection.","2","Group 3","Hs"],"Hibbertia obtusifolia":["grey guineaflower","shrub","x, -","Hibbertia obtusifolia has only been recorded once in Tasmania, on Clarke Island in eastern Bass Strait in 1892. Habitat in Victoria has been described as gravelly soils in drier, often elevated forest and woodland.","This small much-branched shrub is believed to be extinct in Tasmania. Flowers are required to identify and aid detection of this species, October to December being the recommended survey period.","3","Island Species ","Prb"],"Hibbertia rufa":["brown guineaflower","shrub","r, -","Hibbertia rufa occurs in the north-east between Priory and Thomas Creek, mainly in wet heathland but also extending through to buttongrass moorland and occasionally sedgy-scrubby Eucalyptus ovata/Eucalyptus amygdalina forest or woodland. It occurs in the transition zone between dry heathy woodland and denser wet heathland, and is almost wholly restricted to very gentle slopes in the low-lying areas. Most sites are dominated by low sclerophyllous shrubs and a dense ground layer of sedges and rushes.","This species can be detected at any time of the year but detectability is strongly aided by the presence of the yellow flowers (albeit the smallest amongst the genus in Tasmania and often not produced prolifically for long periods). Detection may be aided by the presence of obvious brown capsules from late summer and sunny weather to better see the reddish branchlets. The species can be identified from vegetative features (growth habit, colour of branchlets and leaf morphology, especially the tiny white hairs at the leaf tip) and flowers can be used for identification. This prostrate to scrambling woody plant flowers in spring to summer.","2","Group 2","Prb"],"Hibbertia virgata":["twiggy guineaflower","shrub","r, -","Hibbertia virgata occurs in sandy heaths and open woodlands in the north-east.","Flowering of this slender erect shrub occurs in winter to spring. Flowers are not required for identification (growth habit and leaf morphology is unique) but aid massively in the detection of this species. As this species can proliferate following fire, surveys would ideally focus on recently burnt areas, with detection in longer unburnt habitat very difficult.","3","Group 3","Hs"],"Hierochloe rariflora":["cane holygrass","grass","r, -","Hierochloe rariflora mainly occurs along rocky flood-prone riparian environments but can extend upslope, and sometimes occurs on localised disturbed sites such as fallen trees, along mining races and on steep road banks. Granite outcrops in open forest are also favoured. The species mainly occurs on Mathinna series sediments and Devonian granodiorites in the north-east of the State. The main vegetation type is usually shrubby dry or wet sclerophyll forest, but the species has also been recorded from pine plantations.","This grass (often forming large tangled clumps), is easier to identify than most native grass species. Flowers are not needed for identification as the distinctive coumarin odour (freshly mown grass/cut hay) of crushed leaves is distinctive.","2","Group 1",""],"Hovea corrickiae":["glossy purplepea","shrub","r, -","Hovea corrickiae occurs mainly on Mathinna series sedimentary substrates on mid to lower slopes on the sheltered side of often quite steep hills. Occasionally occurs on ridges. It tends to occur in forest intermediate between dry sclerophyll and wet sclerophyll forest, with a shrubby understorey.","This medium to tall shrub can be detected at any time of the year and can be identified by vegetative characters (form and colour of leaves).","2","Group 2","Ms"],"Hovea montana":["mountain purplepea","shrub","r, -","Hovea montana occurs in subalpine grasslands and grassy woodlands, occasionally extending to grassy/heathy subalpine forests dominated by E. delegatensis, E. pauciflora, E. gunnii, E. coccifera and E. dalrympleana.","This low shrub can be detected at any time of the year and can be identified by vegetative characters (form and colour of leaves).","2","Group 1",""],"Hovea tasmanica":["rockfield purplepea","shrub","r, -","Hovea tasmanica occurs in central and north-eastern regions. It is usually found on dry, rocky ridges or slopes (mostly dolerite) in forest and riverine scrub.","This medium to tall shrub can be detected at any time of the year and can be identified by vegetative characters (form and colour of leaves).","2","Group 2","Prb"],"Hyalosperma demissum":["moss sunray","annual herb","e, -","Hyalosperma demissum grows on rock pavements or shallow sandy soils in some of Tasmania’s driest regions, and also in scalded patches in Eucalyptus amygdalina heathy/grassy woodland. The underlying substrate is mostly Jurassic dolerite, with occasional occurrences on Triassic sandstone and also Cainozoic sediments with a laterite lag. The elevation range of recorded sites in Tasmania is 30-470 m above sea level, with an annual rainfall range of less than 600 mm.","Flowers are required to identify and aid detection of this cryptic, tiny and much-branched herb from the daisy family. Flowering is from September to December. There can be a wide variation in population abundance and flowering time based on seasonal conditions, and the species may not emerge in dry seasons. Flowers may only last for a very short period.","3","Group 1",""],"Hydrocotyle comocarpa":["fringefruit pennywort","annual herb","r, -","Hydrocotyle comocarpa has been recorded from Cape Barren, Flinders and Deal islands. Habitat descriptions include a ridge crest with shallow soil with other forbs surrounded by shrubs and Eucalyptus nitida, and for Deal Island on penguin pads, with some plants in bare soil.","Flowering of this herb is in spring, with most observations in September and early October. This species can be distinguished by its growth habit and fruit characteristics but appears to be very short-lived and detectable for a very short period only.","3","Island Species ",""],"Hydrocotyle laxiflora":["stinking pennywort","herb","e, -","Hydrocotyle laxiflora is restricted to the northern flanks of the Queens Domain in Hobart where it occurs in Allocasuarina (sheoak) woodlands and grassy eucalypt woodlands with open canopies.","Surveys for this herb are best undertaken during its peak flowering period, late October to mid-December. The distinctive odour of this plant (on warm days) may assist in the detection of this plant. The species may also be identified at other times of the year using vegetative characteristics, though plants may die back in dry weather. As it is a known coloniser of bare ground or disturbed areas, areas of suitable habitat burnt in the previous autumn should be preferentially targeted for any extension surveys, and detection of the species is easier in relatively sparse regrowth.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Hydrorchis orbicularis":["swamp onion-orchid","orchid","r, -","Hydrorchis orbicularis is uncommon and localised in coastal and near-coastal lowland areas, almost exclusively in the north-east and the Furneaux islands. It occurs in habitats subject to periodic inundation such as swamps and depressions. The base of the plants is usually immersed in water and plants can be wholly submerged in wet years. It has been recorded from herbfield, sedgeland, grassland and heathland on peats and sandy loams.","The flowering period of Hydrorchis orbicularis on the mainland is September to December but in Tasmania most collections are from November with a spread of collections from late October through to early January. Detection of leaves is virtually impossible in swampy grasslands and herbfields inhabited by this species, but although the flowers are small, flowering plants are surprisingly easy to detect. Plants may flower when partially or wholly submerged in swampy habitats. Flowering is enhanced by fire, with substantial numbers recorded in a swamp burnt two years previously. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 2",""],"Hypolepis distans":["scrambling groundfern","fern","e, EN","Hypolepis distans is known only from the north-west and King Island in Tasmania. It occurs in wet scrubland bordering Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest, disturbance-induced Baloskion tetraphyllum rushland, and from disturbed areas in wet eucalypt forest dominated by Eucalyptus brookeriana and Acacia melanoxylon (blackwood). Soils tend to be high in organic matter with moderate to poor drainage, while all sites are in areas of moderate rainfall below 40 m elevation.","The distinctive scrambling habit of this terrestrial fern and the ‘train-track’ branching pattern of its frond branches, allows it to be identified at any time of year.","2","Group 3",""],"Hypolepis muelleri":["harsh groundfern","fern","r, -","Hypolepis muelleri occurs along watercourses, swampy areas or deep, rich, alluvial soils below 120 m elevation in northern Tasmania (including King and Flinders islands). It has also been recorded from forest dominated by Acacia melanoxylon (blackwood), Melaleuca (paperbark) or Eucalyptus species.","This terrestrial fern is best identified between December and March using fertile material on its reproductive fronds (there is usually sufficient fertile material in a patch to allow identification at any time of the year). Note that fertile fronds may be difficult to find, especially in heavily shaded areas.","2","Group 1",""],"Hypotrachyna immaculata":["lichen","lichen","r, -","Hypotrachyna immaculata is known from a single collection from granite outcrops in coastal heathland on the Freycinet Peninsula and at one inland site at Mayfield on dolerite.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Hypotrachyna laevigata":["lichen","lichen","v, -","The only known site of Hypotrachyna laevigata is from the bark of Nothofagus cunninghamii (myrtle beech) in rainforest in north western Tasmania.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year by its chemical composition, distinctive lobes and branching of rhizines, although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Isoetes drummondii subsp. drummondii":["plain quillwort","fern","r, -","Isoetes drummondii subsp. drummondii is usually found in damp soils amongst dense grasses, such as the waterlogged pastures and waterways of the Midlands (with some outliers on the Forestier Peninsula and elsewhere). Habitats include woodland and forest dominated by Eucalyptus rodwayi and E. amygdalina, man-made ditches, muddy tracks and grassy \"runs\" through open forest. It also occurs on the seasonally inundated shores of man-made or natural waterbodies such as Camerons Lagoon, Wihareja Lagoon and Lake Leake.","This herb-like fern ally can be distinguished from other Isoetes taxa using vegetative and fruiting characters. The species tends to die back in winter, and surveys are best conducted in spring when there is a flush of growth. ","3","Group 2",""],"Isoetes elatior":["tall quillwort","aquatic fern","r, -","Isoetes elatior is only known from the South Esk, St Pauls, Break O'Day, Prosser and Apsley rivers, where it occurs in various depth waters, rooted in gravel/silt substrates in moderate to swiftly flowing water or in mud/silt in calmer water.","This a true aquatic fern ally. Megaspores are needed to separate species of aquatic Isoetes. This species is present as a submerged plant all year round, but is more commonly detected after floods (when broken parts are floating) or in times of low river flows.","3","Group 2",""],"Isoetes humilior":["veiled quillwort","aquatic fern","r, -","Isoetes humilior occurs in still waters and slow-moving sections of running water around the Central Highlands. It frequently occurs with Isoetes gunnii and the two species may be intermingled within the same clump.","This small fern ally can be distinguished from other species by spore capsule features. Hybrids between Isoetes humilior and Isoetes gunnii have been reported. This species is present as a submerged plant all year round, but is more commonly detected after floods (when broken parts are floating) or in times of low river flows.","3","Group 2",""],"Isoetes sp. Maxwell River":["limestone quillwort","fern","r, -","Isoetes sp. Maxwell River is found on, but apparently not confined to, the alkaline pans in the Giblin, Olga and Davey river valleys in the south-west.","This fern ally can be detected at any time of the year. Megaspores are needed to separate species of aquatic Isoetes, although there are no confusing species within its range. ","3","Reserve Species",""],"Isoetopsis graminifolia":["grass cushion","annual herb","v, -","Isoetopsis graminifolia grows in native grasslands, usually dominated by Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), or on rockplates, the underlying substrate being mostly basalt or dolerite. The elevation range of recorded sites is 20-360 m above sea level in areas of low rainfall.","Flowers are required to identify and aid detection of this small herb from the daisy family. Surveys for the species should be undertaken during its peak flowering period, September to November. Due to the species’ ephemeral nature the precise timing of surveys will be governed by seasonal conditions. This cryptic species can be difficult to detect in its grassland habitat when in low numbers. It may not emerge in drought conditions.","3","Group 1",""],"Isolepis habra":["wispy clubsedge","sedge","r, -","The habitat of Isolepis habra is poorly understood and variable as it occurs from lowland to highland sites in forest and non-forest habitats. Wet sclerophyll and riparian habitats may be preferred.","Isolepis habra is part of a taxonomically difficult species-complex. Mature fruit is required, generally present in spring-summer (but can be present year-round).","3","Group 2",""],"Isolepis stellata":["star clubsedge","sedge","r, -","Isolepis stellata has been recorded from near-coastal areas in the State’s north and east, and also in the Northern Midlands near Conara. Habitat includes the margins of sedgy wetlands, wet soaks and seasonally inundated heathy sedgelands: the altitude of recorded sites in Tasmania ranges from close to sea level to elevations of 240 m above sea level.","Isolepis stellata is quite distinct (when mature fruit are available). Mature fruit are generally present in spring-summer (but can be present year-round).","3","Group 1",""],"Isopogon ceratophyllus":["horny conebush","shrub","v, -","Isopogon ceratophyllus occurs on acidic sandy soils in dry heathlands in the Furneaux Group.","This small shrub can be identified at any time of the year by its distinctive foliage. Flowering is from July to January, and flowers/fruit can aid detection.","1","Island Species ","Hs"],"Juncus amabilis":["gentle rush","rush","r, -","No longer applicable – delisted. Juncus amabilis occurs in a variety of habitats, usually poorly-drained sites such as damp grasslands and grassy woodlands, wet pastures, roadside ditches and edges of still and slow-flowing waterbodies. As presently understood, the species is mainly confined to lowland areas in the eastern half of the State but there are potential higher elevation and more western records that require confirmation. ","No longer applicable – delisted. This rhizomatous rush grows in dense clumps. Flowering is predominantly from November to December, and inflorescences are required to identify the species. There is considerable confusion between the identity of Juncus amabilis and closely related taxa such as J. australis, and the species can hybridise with several taxa, making identification problematic. No one key completely provides the diagnostic features needed for identification (cataphylls, stem striations, stem colour, tepal and capsule length and shape) but the presence/absence of stomatal pits (detectable by allowing blobs of PVA glue to dry on the culms and peeling off to reveal the depth of pits) is a useful trait for laboratory identification.","3 ","Group 1",""],"Juncus fockei":["slender jointleaf rush","rush","r, -","The habitat of Juncus fockei is poorly understood because of a paucity of records in Tasmania. On the mainland it occurs in riparian situations, swamps and drains.","Inflorescences are required to identify this rush, the flowering period being mostly November to January. Any plants suspected of being this species should be confirmed by a specialist due to potential confusion with introduced or widespread native species.","3","Group 2",""],"Juncus prismatocarpus":["branching rush","rush","r, -","The habitat of Juncus prismatocarpus is poorly understood because of a paucity of records in Tasmania but includes sedgy/grassy margins of rivers such as the Apsley River. On the mainland it occurs in floodplain and riparian vegetation.","Inflorescences are required to identify this rush (fertile inflorescences are often absent in mid-winter and shoulder times). Any plants suspected of being this species should be confirmed by a specialist due to potential confusion with introduced or widespread native species.","3","Group 2",""],"Juncus vaginatus":["clustered rush","rush","r, -","Juncus vaginatus is a species of low-lying poorly-drained sites such as the margins of still and slow-flowing waterbodies and areas where water lies for parts of the year such as \"wet pasture\".","Mature inflorescences are needed for identification of this rush although the form of the inflorescence combined with culm pith appearance is quite diagnostic but separating this species from several that can co-occur is best undertaken in spring-summer when there is fresh growth and fertile material.","3","Group 2",""],"Lachnagrostis billardierei subsp. tenuiseta":["small-awn blowngrass","grass","r, -","Lachnagrostis billardierei subsp. tenuiseta grows on deep windblown sands, such as on the edge of the seaward side of sand dunes. It can grow amongst stands of marram grass, close to the beach, either on or between the first two or three sand dunes (subsp. billardierei tends to grow in more sheltered positions).","The taxonomy of native Lachnagrostis species is difficult. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, and while these can be present at any time of the year, spring-summer is the ideal survey period. ","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Lachnagrostis punicea subsp. filifolia":["narrowleaf blowngrass","grass","r, -","Lachnagrostis punicea subsp. filifolia purportedly occurs in moist depressions in grassy woodlands/forests and grasslands, and on the edges of swamps and saline flats. In Tasmania, it is known only from historic records, two near Hobart and one near Ulverstone.","The taxonomy of native Lachnagrostis species is difficult. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, and while these can be present at any time of the year, spring-summer is the ideal survey period. ","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Lachnagrostis punicea subsp. punicea":["bristle blowngrass","grass","r, -","Lachnagrostis punicea subsp. punicea occurs in moist depressions in grassy woodlands/forests and grasslands, and on the edges of swamps and saline flats.","The taxonomy of native Lachnagrostis species is difficult. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, and while these can be present at any time of the year, spring-summer is the ideal survey period. ","3","Group 1",""],"Lachnagrostis robusta":["tall blowngrass","grass","r, -","Lachnagrostis robusta occurs in saline situations such as the margins of coastal and inland saline lagoons","The taxonomy of native Lachnagrostis species is difficult. Mature inflorescences are required for identification, and while these can be present at any time of the year, spring-summer is the ideal survey period. ","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Lasiopetalum baueri":["slender velvetbush","shrub","r, -","Lasiopetalum baueri occurs in open, coastal shrubbery (usually low Allocasuarina forest) on dolerite along the north and north-east of the State.","This low-growing shrub can be detected and identified at any time of the year using vegetative features.","3","Group 3",""],"Lasiopetalum discolor":["coast velvetbush","shrub","r, -","Lasiopetalum discolor grows in heathland, scrub and Allocasuarina (sheoak) forest on calcareous sandy soils and limestone. Its stronghold is Prime Seal Island, with a recent unconfirmed sighting from Cape Barren Island (and an historic, possibly erroneous, record from near Rocky Cape).","This low-growing shrub can be detected and identified at any time of the year using vegetative features.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Lasiopetalum micranthum":["tasmanian velvetbush","shrub","r, -","Lasiopetalum micranthum occurs predominantly in open grassy forests and woodlands on dolerite-based ridges and slopes on the central east coast (e.g. forests dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina). It can colonise track and road verges.","This low spreading shrub can be identified at any time of the year from growth habit and leaf morphology.","2","Group 1",""],"Lepidium flexicaule":["springy peppercress","herb","r, -","Lepidium flexicaule is predominantly a littoral species that inhabits skeletal soil within rock crevices and can be found around the south-west of the State and on Bruny Island.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year and identified from vegetative features.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Lepidium hyssopifolium":["soft peppercress","herb","e, EN","The native habitat of Lepidium hyssopifolium is the growth suppression zone beneath large trees in grassy woodlands and grasslands (e.g. over-mature black wattles and isolated eucalypts in rough pasture). Lepidium hyssopifolium is now found primarily under large exotic trees on roadsides and home yards on farms. It occurs in the eastern part of Tasmania between sea-level to 500 metres above sea level in dry, warm and fertile areas on flat ground on weakly acid to alkaline soils derived from a range of rock types. It can also occur on frequently slashed grassy/weedy roadside verges where shade trees are absent.","This is a distinctive herb, detectable at any time of the year, although the flush of spring-summer growth aids detection as the growth dies down winter plants can be difficult to detect, especially amongst dense grass. Flowers and fruit can be used for identification but are not essential as leaf and stem morphology is sufficient.","3","Group 3",""],"Lepidosperma forsythii":["stout rapiersedge","sedge","r, -","Lepidosperma forsythii occurs in wet heathland and sedgeland, generally within or around the wettest niches, such as permanent soaks or small areas of water.","This species is perhaps the most distinctive of the genus in Tasmania and can be identified at any time of the year from fresh or old inflorescences and culm/leaf morphology.","3","Group 2",""],"Lepidosperma tortuosum":["twisting rapiersedge","sedge","r, -","Lepidosperma tortuosum occurs in heathland and heathy woodland, in lowland sites, mainly in eastern parts of the State. It often occurs in the sedgier (peatier) parts of dry heathland. It can occur on a range of substrates.","This species can be identified at any time of the year from fresh or old inflorescences and culm/leaf morphology.","3","Group 2",""],"Lepidosperma viscidum":["sticky swordsedge","sedge","r, -","Lepidosperma viscidum occurs in a range of heathland to heathy/shrubby woodland habitats often dominated by species of Allocasuarina (sheoak) on a range of substrates.","This species can be identified at any time of the year from fresh or old inflorescences and culm/leaf morphology.","3","Group 2",""],"Lepilaena australis":["southern watermat","aquatic herb","x, -","Lepilaena australis is known only from a single incomplete specimen collected at Campbell Town in 1893, where it was recorded from fresh and brackish water up to 0.5 m in depth.","Mature fruit and flowers are required to identify this slender herb that is presumed extinct in Tasmania. Most specimens from Victoria have been collected from October to November.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Lepilaena marina":["sea watermat","aquatic herb","r, -","Lepilaena marina is restricted to sandy/muddy tidal flats and is associated with Zostera muelleri (eel grass), which is also a marine species.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year, but mature fruit are required for identification (peak fruiting is in late spring-summer but remnants may often be present for much of the year).","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Lepilaena patentifolia":["spreading watermat","aquatic herb","r, -","Lepilaena patentifolia occurs in coastal lagoons, creeks, inlets and estuaries and brackish inland lagoons.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year, but mature fruit are required for identification (peak fruiting is in late spring-summer but remnants may often be present for much of the year).","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Lepilaena preissii":["slender watermat","aquatic herb","r, -","Lepilaena preissi occurs in fresh and brackish lagoons, and estuaries.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year, but mature fruit are required for identification (peak fruiting is in late spring-summer but remnants may often be present for much of the year).","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Leptorhynchos elongatus":["lanky buttons","herb","e, -","Leptorhynchos elongatus occurs on Tertiary basalt or Quaternary sediments in Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) grassland, as well as open grassy shrubland. It is extant at cemeteries in Bothwell and Jericho, an area of grassland in the Northern Midlands, and at a higher elevation site at Liawenee Moor on the Central Plateau.","Flowers are required for identification and aid detection of this herb from the daisy family. Surveys for the species should ideally be undertaken during the early stages of its flowering period, October to November. Detection of the species at lowland sites becomes increasingly difficult later in the season due to the obscuring growth of native grasses such as Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) or Austrostipa species (speargrasses).","3","Group 3",""],"Leucochrysum albicans subsp. tricolor":["grassland paperdaisy","herb","e, EN","Leucochrysum albicans subsp. tricolor occurs in the west and on the Central Plateau and the Midlands, mostly on basalt soils in open grassland. This species would have originally occupied Eucalyptus pauciflora woodland and tussock grassland, though most of this habitat is now converted to improved pasture or cropland.","Flowers are required for identification and aid detection of this herb from the daisy family. Flowering occurs between November and January but the basal clumps of leaves can be identified a little earlier (if familiar with the species). Subsets of populations can behave as annuals and reach maturity slightly later in the season than perennial plants nearby.  ","3","Group 2",""],"Leucopogon esquamatus":["swamp beardheath","shrub","r, -","Leucopogon esquamatus occurs in sandy heathland and heathy woodland.","This low to medium shrub can be identified at any time of the year from leaf morphology. Flowers and fruit do not significantly aid detection but are useful for identification.","2","Group 2","Ms"],"Leucopogon affinis":["lance beardheath","shrub","r, -","Leucopogon affinis occurs in a broad range of habitats including tall scrub, mainly on stabilised dune sands and hinterlands, lagoon margins, and gullies and riverbanks in wet eucalypt forest, probably restricted to the Bass Strait islands. Observations near Devonport, Latrobe and Arthur River require confirmation.","This medium shrub can usually be identified in most parts of its range at any time of the year from leaf morphology. In some parts of the state it can be confused with L. parviflorus, though the combination of flowers and fruit combined with habitat is usually sufficient to confidently identify the species. ","3","Island Species ","Hs"],"Leucopogon virgatus var. brevifolius":["shortleaf beardheath","shrub","r, -","Leucopogon virgatus var. brevifolius occurs mainly on low undulating terrain in the drier parts of the State (e.g. Northern Midlands) in heathy forest and woodland extending to open grassland and grassy woodland in disturbed habitats, often associated with rock outcrops (e.g. sandstone patches).","This species of low shrub can be identified at any time of the year based on morphological features (mainly the downy hairs on the branchlets and leaves giving it a grey-green appearance from a distance, but also the length and shape of the leaf). It can co-occur with var. virgatus so care is needed in field identification.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Levenhookia dubia":["hairy stylewort","annual herb","x, -","In Tasmania, 19th century collections of Levenhookia dubia have been made from Pontville and from Strzelecki Peaks on Flinders Island. Suggested suitable habitat for Levenhookia dubia in the State includes moist, often sandy, ground in shallow soils on rock ledges.","Flowering plants are required for identification of this ephemeral herb which is presumed extinct in Tasmania. Flowering is in spring but usually only in years with good rainfall.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Limonium australe var. australe":["yellow sea-lavender","herb","r, -","Limonium australe var. australe occurs in succulent or graminoid saltmarsh close to the high water mark, typically near small brackish streams.","This herb can be identified at any time of the year from the basal rosette of leaves but flowers are required for identification of the variety. Flowering occurs from January to April, with material adequate for identification purposes being retained on the plant for a further month or two.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Limonium australe var. baudinii":["tasmanian sea-lavender","herb","v, VU","Limonium australe var. baudinii is known only from the Triabunna and Saltwater River areas where it occurs in succulent or graminoid saltmarsh close to the high water mark, typically near small brackish streams.","This herb can be identified at any time of the year from the basal rosette of leaves but flowers are required for identification of the variety. Flowering occurs from January to April, with material adequate for identification purposes being retained on the plant for a further month or two.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Liparophyllum exaltatum":["erect marshflower","herb","r, -","Liparophyllum exaltatum occurs in the north-east near St Helens, Scamander and the Ringarooma River. It grows in stationary or slow-flowing water to a depth of 50 cm or in seasonally inundated areas on the margins of water bodies.","While this species can be distinguished from other Liparophyllum species by its leaves, the presence of flowers will assist identification and aid detection of this aquatic herb. Flowering occurs from October to April. ","3","Group 2",""],"Lobelia pratioides":["poison lobelia","herb","v, -","Lobelia pratioides occurs in seasonally inundated to waterlogged soils at the margins of swamps, wetlands and drainage lines, and also in damp depressions within grassland and grassy woodland.","Flowers aid detection of this herb, difficult to find when not in flower/fruit amongst dense grass or sedges. Vegetative features are sufficient to identify the species but flowers and fruit assist identification.","3","Group 1",""],"Lobelia rhombifolia":["tufted lobelia","annual herb","r, -","Lobelia rhombifolia occurs in dry sclerophyll forests dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina, mainly on granite-derived sands in north-east Tasmania. Clarification between records of Lobelia dentata (only recently recognised as occurring in Tasmania) and Lobelia rhombifolia is needed.","This is an herb, often prolific and easily detected after fire but otherwise difficult to find. Flowers aid detection (October to April) and are required to separate Lobelia rhombifolia from Lobelia dentata. Fruit is needed to confirm separation from L. gibbosa and L. simplicicaulis. Surveys in long-undisturbed potential habitat are likely to be unsuccessful.","3","Group 2",""],"Lomatia tasmanica":["kings lomatia","shrub","e, CR","Lomatia tasmanica is restricted to south-west Tasmania where the only extant site extends over 1.2 km in implicate scrub and mixed forest (containing eucalypts and rainforest species) in two deeply incised creeks separated by a ridge. It is suggested that the species favours gaps formed by disturbance from tree-fall.","This distinctive small tree reproduces by root suckering and coppice only and can be identified at any time of the year due to its distinctive foliage. Flowers are sterile and have been observed to occur around January to February, though not annually. ","2","Reserve Species","S"],"Lotus australis":[" australian trefoil","herb","r, -","Lotus australis is found mainly in near-coastal areas around the State within Poa tussock grassland, low coastal shrubbery and dunes. ","This erect herb can be identified at any time of the year by its trifoliate leaves, though its bright pink flowers will greatly assist detection. Flowering is from spring to early autumn. ","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Luzula atrata":["slender woodrush","herb","r, -","Luzula atrata is found in a range of habitats including alpine heath, montane grassland, snow patch vegetation, lake banks and in rock/boulder crevices. It usually occurs in areas with wet ground and is restricted to the Central Highlands and south-west mountains.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year and can potentially be identified from vegetative features (with experience only) but flowers and fruit are required for identification. Most Luzula species have flowers for much of the year but suitable material for identification is likely to be present mainly in spring-summer.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Lycopus australis":["australian gypsywort","shrub","e, -","Lycopus australis occurs in moist shaded places including disturbed areas within Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest, Phragmites australis reed beds, and rocky (dolerite) riverbeds fringed by riparian scrub.","This leafy erect semi-aquatic herb is most easily identified when in flower from January to March, though it can be identified from its distinctive foliage until June before the stems die back for winter.","2","Group 2",""],"Lythrum salicaria":["purple loosestrife","herb","v, -","Lythrum salicaria inhabits swamps, stream banks and rivers mainly in the north and northeast of the State. It can also occur between gaps in Melaleuca ericifolia forest. This species can act as a weed, proliferating along roadsides and other disturbed areas, and, as horticultural strains are in cultivation, some occurrences may not be native.","Flowers aid the detection of this erect herb but are not required for identification. This species flowers from summer to autumn, the recommended time for surveys. Surveys should focus on open or disturbed areas where the species may proliferate.","2","Group 1",""],"Melaleuca pustulata":["warty paperbark","shrub","r, -","Melaleuca pustulata occurs in a range of habitats including dry open woodland (often on dolerite in forests dominated by Eucalyptus pulchella), grassland and scrub, riparian zones and stable dunes in sparse coastal shrubbery. It is restricted to the State’s Central East coast.","This species of medium to tall (dense) shrub can be identified at any time of the year from a combination of habitat, growth habit, appearance and leaf morphology.","1","Group 1",""],"Menegazzia minuta":["lichen","lichen","e, -","Menegazzia minuta is restricted to the canopy twigs of Eucryphia lucida (leatherwood) trees in thamnic rainforest in the north west of Tasmania.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist. While distinctive in the context of the genus, it is extremely inconspicuous, and is unlikely to be detected by anyone not familiar with the species.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Mentha australis":["river mint","herb","e, -","Mentha australis is known from riparian habitats along the lower reaches of the South Esk River, Lake Trevallyn and the Rubicon River, where it occurs along the rocky (dolerite) margins of rivers and lakes.","This sprawling to erect herb is most easily identified when in flower from January to March; it often dies down and is undetectable in mid-winter (and shoulder times).","2","Group 2",""],"Micrantheum serpentinum":["western tridentbush","shrub","r, -","Micrantheum serpentinum occurs in eucalypt woodland dominated by Eucalyptus nitida or Eucalyptus nebulosa, shrubland or heathland, typically on rocky hillsides but may also occur on more poorly-drained sites. Lateritic soils are associated with ultramafic geology at each location.","This low erect to spreading shrub can be identified at any time of the year using a combination of habitat, growth habit and trifoliate leaves.","2","Group 3",""],"Microtidium atratum":["yellow onion-orchid","orchid","r, -","Microtidium atratum occurs in habitats subject to periodic inundation such as swamps, depressions and soaks. The base of the plants is usually immersed in water and plants can be wholly submerged in wet years. Microtidium atratum has been recorded from herbfield, sedgeland, grassland and heathland on peats and sandy loams. It has also been recorded from roadside drains and winter-wet pastures.","The flowering period of Microtidium atratum on the mainland is September to December but in Tasmania most collections are from slightly later, mid-October through to December. Detection of leaves is virtually impossible in swampy grasslands and herbfields inhabited by this species, but although the plants and flowers are small, flowering plants are surprisingly easy to detect as they often grow in locally dense colonies where the yellow-green plants are conspicuous. Plants may flower when partially or wholly submerged in swampy habitats. Flowering is enhanced by fire, with substantial numbers recorded in a swamp burnt two years previously. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 2",""],"Milligania johnstonii":["shortleaf milligania","herb","r, -","Milligania johnstonii occurs in moist sand or mud on the margins of heath or sedgeland in the south-west. It is also locally abundant in alkaline pans around the Maxwell, Hardwood and Giblin River Valleys.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year but is likely to put on a flush of growth in spring-summer. It is identifiable on stature and leaf characters alone, especially when combined with habitat but flowers are useful for identification.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Milligania longifolia":["longleaf milligania","herb","r, -","Milligania longifolia occurs only on riverine cliffs of limestone and occasionally quartzite. It is usually found in narrow ledges on crevices above normal flood level along the Franklin, Gordon and Jane rivers in the south-west (at low altitudes). This species also occurs along the Vale River in Cradle Mountain at about 700 m above sea level.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year but is likely to put on a flush of growth in spring-summer. It is identifiable on stature and leaf characters alone, especially when combined with habitat but flowers are useful for identification.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Millotia muelleri":["clustered bowflower","annual herb","e, -","Millotia muelleri is known from a single site in the State’s north at West Head, where it grows in a thin layer of soil and moss over exposed rock plates at the top of a west-facing dolerite cliff under Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak) at an altitude of about 50 m above sea level.","Flowers are needed to detect and identify this tiny herb. In Tasmania, plant numbers and sites of emergence are likely to fluctuate from year to year, with the total number of mature plants recorded in any given year fewer than 60 plants (mid to late October).","3","Group 3",""],"Mirbelia oxylobioides":["sandstone bushpea","shrub","v, -","Mirbelia oxylobioides is known from Heathy Hills near Elderslie in the Southern Midlands, where it is associated with outcrops of Triassic quartz sandstone. It grows in Eucalyptus amygdalina low open woodland with a 1-2 m tall shrub layer dominated by species such as Boronia anemonifolia (stinky boronia) and Leucopogon ericoides (pink beardheath), with Euryomyrtus ramosissima (heathmyrtle) prominent on the shallowest soils (where the eucalypts drop out and the shrub layer opens up). Mirbelia oxylobioides displays a preference for west, northwest to north aspects, and occurs in the altitude range of 110-300 m a.s.l.","Surveys for this low to medium shrub can be conducted at any time of the year due to its distinctive foliage, though the species is more easily detected when in flower.","2","Group 3","Prb"],"Monotoca submutica var. autumnalis":["roundleaf broomheath","shrub","r, -","Monotoca submutica var. autumnalis occurs mainly at mid to higher elevations in heath/scrub and heathy/shrubby woodland and forest. It can also occur in the margins of wet and dry sclerophyll forest, often on dolerite dominated by Eucalyptus delegatensis.","Vegetative features (growth habit and leaf morphology) are usually sufficient to identify the species. Flowers and fruit will confirm identification but do not aid in detection.","2","Group 2","Hs"],"Muehlenbeckia axillaris":["matted lignum","shrub","r, -","Muehlenbeckia axillaris is predominantly found in moist gravely or rocky places on the Central Plateau, extending out to the west, north-west and lower reaches of the South Esk River.","This prostrate, straggling or trailing shrub can be distinguished from other Muehlenbeckia species by its leaves and growth habit, though the presence of flowers or fruit may aid identification and detection. Flowering is from December to February.","2","Group 2",""],"Myoporum parvifolium":["creeping boobialla","shrub","v, -","Myoporum parvifolium is restricted to Flinders Island where it is found in Gahnia sedgeland at Long Point and along the roadside fringing Allocasuarina (sheoak) forest near West End.","This creeping low shrub can be identified at any time of the year. The bright white flowers aid detection but are not required for identification.","2","Island Species ",""],"Myosurus australis":["southern mousetail","annual herb","e, -","Myosurus australis has been recorded from a dolerite rockplate amongst basalt just north of Penstock Lagoon on the Central Plateau, and was previously known from a small hillside soak near Jericho.","Flowers or fruit are required for identification and aid detection of this herb. Flowering on the mainland is from September to November but Tasmanian specimens have been collected in November and January. Being an annual herb, numbers are likely to fluctuate from year to year and the species may not emerge in dry conditions.","3","Group 3",""],"Myriophyllum glomeratum":["clustered watermilfoil","annual herb","x, -","The only collection of Myriophyllum glomeratum from Tasmania was made in 1848 near Cressy. It was said to occur in damp places and in stagnant water in the north of the State. In Tasmania Myriophyllum glomeratum is presumed extinct.","Flowers and fruit are required for identification of this marsh herb which is presumed extinct in Tasmania. Peak flowering on mainland Australia occurs in October and November.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Myriophyllum integrifolium":["tiny watermilfoil","annual herb","v, -","Myriophyllum integrifolium occurs mostly in the Northern Midlands, with isolated populations in the State’s north, north-east and south. It grows at the margins of wetlands and in seasonally wet places, including depressions associated with small ephemeral lakes. It can occur in coastal heathland and in forest in the Midlands, where it is often associated with old muddy tracks.","This diminutive herb is present only in spring, largely in response to seasonal conditions, with numbers varying widely between years. It is difficult to detect amongst dense grass and sedges. Flowers and fruit marginally aid detection but are useful for identification (present throughout growth period).","3","Group 1",""],"Myriophyllum muelleri":["hooded watermilfoil","annual herb","r, -","Myriophyllum muelleri grows submerged in or on the fringes of freshwater pools/lagoons.","Flowers and fruit are required to identify this marsh herb. Peak flowering is in spring.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Odixia achlaena":["golden everlastingbush","shrub","r, -","Odixia achlaena occurs only on dolerite, mainly in dry eucalypt forest dominated by Eucalyptus pulchella on ridges and slopes. It has also been found in plantations.","This low to medium shrub can be identified at any time of the year from a combination of growth habit and appearance, leaf arrangement and morphology, and arrangement of the inflorescence (at least some old flower heads are almost always present).","2","Group 1",""],"Olearia hookeri":["crimsontip daisybush","shrub","r, -","Olearia hookeri is found on dry hills around Hobart in the State’s south and also along the central east coast. It grows within eucalypt woodlands with a mixed grassy-shrubby understorey, favouring north to north-westerly slopes on mudstone (except for an atypical occurrence on dolerite at Templestowe flats near Seymour). In the south of the State the habitat is dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina, Eucalyptus risdonii or Eucalyptus tenuiramis; in the central east near Mt Peter the habitat is dominated by Eucalyptus sieberi over a very sparse understorey.","This low to medium shrub can be identified at any time of the year due to its distinctive foliage but detection is aided by the bright white flowers. Vegetatively the species is similar to O. ericoides and examination of the leaf surfaces is needed.","3","Group 3",""],"Orites milliganii":["toothed orites","shrub","r, -","Orites milliganii occurs in alpine, coniferous and deciduous heath on some of the far western mountains.","This low to medium shrub can be identified at any time of the year from leaf morphology. Flowers and fruit do not significantly aid detection but are useful for identification.","2","Reserve Species",""],"Orthoceras strictum":["horned orchid","orchid","r, -","Orthoceras strictum occurs in a wide range of habitat types including buttongrass moorland, sedgy and scrubby heathland, sedgy eucalypt shrubland and open forest, usually on poorly- to moderately drained peaty, sandy and clay soils that are at least seasonally moist. It can also occur on thin mossy soils at soaks on and below rock faces. The species has a wide elevation range from sea level to 1000 m above sea level.","The flowering period of Orthoceras strictum on the mainland is October to January but in Tasmania most collections are from December to February. There is some evidence that plants from the west coast may flower later in this period. Despite the highly distinctive appearance of the species, flowering plants are difficult to spot as they simply blend into to the dense vegetation in which they usually grow. Detecting non-flowering plants is virtually impossible. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 2",""],"Ozothamnus floribundus":["flowery everlastingbush","shrub","e, -","Ozothamnus floribundus is known from a single site at Merchants Hill near Randalls Bay south of Cygnet. It occurs in shrubby/heathy Eucalyptus obliqua (stringybark) dry sclerophyll forest on sandstone or mudstone with some dolerite influence.","This slender, columnar, highly floriferous shrub from the daisy family flowers in December to January with seed maturing in late January. This species can be detected at any time of the year using vegetative growth but flowers are required to confirm the identity of the species if new occurrences are found.","2","Group 3",""],"Ozothamnus lycopodioides":["clubmoss everlastingbush","shrub","r, -","Ozothamnus lycopodioides is restricted to dry sclerophyll forest near the East Coast from Orford to Bicheno where it is restricted to dolerite.","This slender, much branched, spreading shrub from the daisy family flowers in spring, but can be detected at any time of year due to its distinctive foliage. However, flowerhead characteristics may be required to confirm that plants belong to the Ozothamnus genus (for inexperienced observers only, as the growth habit and leaf arrangement and appearance is diagnostic).","2","Group 1",""],"Ozothamnus reflexifolius":["reflexed everlastingbush","shrub","v, VU","Ozothamnus reflexifolius is known from a single site in the Meehan Range in south-eastern Tasmania. The subpopulation is centred on a large dolerite rock plate, with plants occurring in either Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak) woodland, open heath or in crevices in sheer dolerite. Altitude at the site varies from 180-350 m above sea level.","This woody shrub from the daisy family flowers from November to March, but can be detected at any time of year due to its distinctive foliage. However, flower head characteristics may be required to confirm that plants belong to the Ozothamnus genus.","2","Reserve Species",""],"Ozothamnus selaginoides":["table mountain everlastingbush","shrub","e, EX","Ozothamnus selaginoides has not been recorded since it was collected from the Table Mountain area, west of Oatlands in Tasmania in 1845.","This slender much branched, spreading shrub from the daisy family is presumed extinct. The only collection was made in November, though the species could be identified using foliage features at any time of the year. However, flower head characteristics may be required to confirm that plants belong to the Ozothamnus genus.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Pandorea pandorana":["wonga vine","climber","r, -","Pandorea pandorana is restricted to Flinders Island, where it is found in damp gullies and wet sclerophyll forest.","This vine can be identified at any time of the year from growth habit and leaf morphology but the bright white flowers in spring significantly aid detection.","1","Island Species ",""],"Parietaria debilis":["shade pellitory","herb","r, -","Parietaria debilis occurs around muttonbird rookeries, on cliffs/rocks in the salt spray zone, in moist shaded areas in dune scrubs, and under rock overhangs in forested gullies.","Flowers are not required for identification of this herb and do not aid significantly in detection. There is probably a flush of growth in spring-summer making detection of populations easier.","3","Group 2",""],"Parmeliopsis ambigua":["lichen","lichen","r, -","Parmeliopsis ambigua is only known from a single collection from undershrubs in open montane rainforest dominated by pencil pine in the Walls of Jerusalem National Park.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Parmeliopsis hyperopta":["lichen","lichen","r, -","Parmeliopsis hyperopta has only been recorded growing on bleached, dead wood in open montane rainforest dominated by pencil pine in the Walls of Jerusalem National Park in Tasmania.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Parmotrema crinitum":["lichen","lichen","r, -","Parmotrema crinitum is only known from Melaleuca-dominated, coastal swamp forest close to Robbins Passage.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Pellaea calidirupium":["hotrock fern","fern","r, -","Pellaea calidirupium is found in inland, rocky habitats in areas of low to moderate rainfall predominantly in the eastern half of Tasmania. It grows in crevices and on ledges on exposed or semi-exposed rock outcrops. A large sterile colony occurs on the bare summit of Casaveen Bluff (east of York Plains), while nearby, on a tributary of the Little Swanport River plants grow under more favourable conditions on a rock ledge within the protection of a rock gully.","This fern can be detected and identified at any time of the year (fertile fronds aid in identification but are present most of the time, noting that fronds are frequently shrivelled in summer).","2","Group 2",""],"Pentachondra ericifolia":["fine frillyheath","shrub","r, -","Pentachondra ericifolia occurs in rocky sites in open alpine/dry sclerophyll woodland and heathland.","This species can be detected and identified at any time of the year from vegetative characters but the white flowers aid detection (spring-summer).","3","Group 2","Prb"],"Persicaria decipiens":["slender waterpepper","herb","v, -","Persicaria decipiens occurs on the banks of rivers and streams, mostly in the north of the State, including King Island. The species may colonise farm dams.","Flowers are required for identification and aid detection of this herb that may die back in winter. Flowering is predominantly from December to April.","3","Group 1",""],"Persicaria subsessilis":["bristly waterpepper","herb","e, -","Persicaria subsessilis is found in a variety of habitats, including rocky (dolerite) river margins, disturbed Melaleuca ericifolia (coast paperbark) swamp forest and lagoon margins, Cyperus lucidus (leafy flatsedge) sedgeland and within openings in riparian scrub on alluvium. It is known from the Ringarooma River, the South Esk River downstream of Trevallyn Dam, and the West Tamar near Launceston.","This scrambling herb is best identified during its main flowering period, January to April, as flood events may cause loss of above ground parts in winter. However, the species’ distinctive leaf sheaths mean that it can be identified in the absence of flowers.","3","Group 2",""],"Persoonia moscalii":["creeping geebung","shrub","r, -","Persoonia moscalii occurs in alpine heath and fjaeldmark, the latter characterised by scattered wind-pruned low shrubs and cushions interspersed with exposed, stony ground.","Flowers are required for identification of this shrub that flowers between December and March, though the species can be detected throughout the year.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Persoonia muelleri subsp. angustifolia":["narrowleaf geebung","shrub","r, -","Persoonia muelleri subsp. angustifolia occurs in central and western Tasmania in rainforest to dense scrub and perhaps, sub-alpine heath in a variety of sedimentary and metamorphic substrata. It typically occurs in the ecotone between dry scrub and rainforest, particularly where high light levels occur on the ground due to a shorter and more open scrub. It is found from 50-700 m above sea level.","An erect shrub that flowers between December and March though the species can be detected throughout the year. Flowers are the most reliable method for identification to the species level, but leaf characteristics define the subspecies and can also be used to differentiate from P. gunnii.","3","Group 3","Hs"],"Phebalium daviesii":["davies waxflower","shrub","e, CR","The native distribution of Phebalium daviesii has become restricted to the George River near St Helens (with historic records from nearby Constable Creek). It occurs in a narrow valley in the flood zone close to the river in riparian Eucalyptus viminalis woodland with an understorey of heath and wet sclerophyll species on generally poor, coarse, granitic sands.","This shrub can be identified by its distinctive leaves at any time of the year, though the presence of flowers will significantly aid detection. It is difficult to detect when amongst flowering Micrantheum hexandrum. The species flowers between late September and mid-January.","2","Group 3","Hs"],"Pherosphaera hookeriana":["drooping pine","shrub","v, -","Pherosphaera hookeriana occurs in coniferous heath that varies from boggy areas near water bodies to well drained, exposed and rocky situations near mountain peaks, with most populations on dolerite. ","This species can be detected and identified at any time of the year from vegetative characters but the presence of fruit aids detection.","2","Reserve Species",""],"Philotheca freyciana":["freycinet waxflower","shrub","e, EN","Philotheca freyciana is restricted to the Freycinet Peninsula (predominantly on The Hazards), occurring from just above sea level to 440 m above sea level. The species occurs exclusively on granite, growing in cracks and runnels within massive granite rocks. The surrounding vegetation is generally a dry open scrub.","Flowers of this small woody shrub have been observed in autumn from April to May and also in spring and early summer from September to December. The species may be identified at any time of year due its distinctive keeled leaves, though is much easier to spot when in flower.","2","Reserve Species","Prb"],"Phyllangium distylis":["tiny mitrewort","annual herb","r, -","Phyllangium distylis occurs in sandy humic heaths and open shrublands, muddy soaks and the margins of ephemeral wetlands.","Flowers are required to detect and identify this diminutive herb, October to December being the recommended survey period. Numbers can vary significantly between years, depending on seasonal conditions.","3","Group 2",""],"Phyllangium divergens":["wiry mitrewort","annual herb","v, -","Phyllangium divergens occurs in a wide variety of near-coastal habitats on a range of substrates, a common feature usually being bare ground (e.g. tracks) and rock exposures (e.g. outcrops, coastal cliffs, etc.).","Flowers are required to detect and identify this diminutive herb, October to December being the recommended survey period. Numbers can vary significantly between years, depending on seasonal conditions. Occasionally dried plants can persist in rock crevices and be detected ‘out of season’.","3","Group 1",""],"Phylloglossum drummondii":["pygmy clubmoss","annual fern","r, -","Phylloglossum drummondii occurs in wet peaty soils where there is little competition from other plants, including on a temporary basis, such as in the season after a fire.","This fern usually only appears after fire events that eliminate competition, when it forms easily detected extensive colonies (late spring into summer). Surveys in long-undisturbed potential habitat are likely to be unsuccessful.","3","Group 2",""],"Pilularia novae":["australian pillwort","fern","r, -","Pilularia novae-hollandiae occurs mainly in the central to northern parts of the State, in mud or silt of shallow rivers and on seasonally inundated margins of creeks and rivers. It is often hidden among grasses and sedges in damp mud, bogs and swamps.","The pills at the base of fronds are required for identification of this aquatic or semiaquatic fern with grass-like fronds, though the pills at the base of the fronds tend not to develop in plants that are submerged for most of the year. The production of the pills at the base of fronds appears to be associated with seasonal drought or stress, though plants can die down in dry conditions. Spring to autumn seems to be the best period for detecting this species.","3","Group 2",""],"Pimelea axiflora subsp. axiflora":["bootlace bush","shrub","e, -","Pimelea axiflora subsp. axiflora is restricted to King Island, where it occurs as an understorey shrub in wet eucalypt forest and in damp environments along watercourses.","This woody shrub may be detected at any time of year, though the presence of flowers aid in the identification and detection of the species. It flowers from June to December, peaking from September to November. ","2","Island Species",""],"Pimelea curviflora var. gracilis":["slender curved riceflower","shrub","r, -","Pimelea curviflora var. gracilis occurs in a range of vegetation types from wet and dry sclerophyll forest to hardwood plantations. Understories vary from open and grassy to densely shrubby. It can densely colonise disturbed sites such as firebreaks, log landings and tracks.","This slender much-branched shrub may be detected at any time of year, though the presence of flowers aid in the identification and detection of the species. Flowering is from September to February.","2","Island Species",""],"Pimelea curviflora var. sericea":["silky curved riceflower","shrub","r, -","Pimelea curviflora var. sericea occurs on Flinders and its outer islands on plains grasslands and dry sclerophyll forests, predominantly in calcareous and sandy soils.","This erect undershrub may be detected at any time of year. The presence of flowers aids in the identification and detection of the species, late September to November being the recommended survey period. ","2","Group 1",""],"Pimelea flava subsp. flava":["yellow riceflower","shrub","r, -","Pimelea flava subsp. flava occurs in wet and dry sclerophyll forest and woodland, and extends into hardwood and softwood plantations. It often occurs abundantly on disturbed sites such as in logged forest, firebreaks, powerline easements and road batters.","This low to medium shrub can be detected at any time (usually stands out from other shrubs) but the bright yellow flowers aid detection significantly when present in dense understories). Flowers and fruit are not needed for identification.","2","Group 1",""],"Pimelea milliganii":["silver riceflower","shrub","r, -","Pimelea milliganii occurs in alpine heath on mountain summits in the south-west of the State.","This erect undershrub may be detected at any time of year, though the presence of flowers aid in identification and detection of the species.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Pimelea sp. Tunbridge":["grassland riceflower","shrub","e, -","Pimelea sp. Tunbridge occurs in native grassland and Eucalyptus pauciflora grassy woodland, usually dominated by Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) on fertile substrates. At present it is only known from sites along Tunbridge Tier Road, Midland Highway south of Tunbridge and along Lake Leake Road.","This low shrub can be detected at any time of the year and can be identified by vegetative characters (form and colour of leaves). Flowers significantly aid detection, November and December being the recommended survey period.","3","Group 3",""],"Planocarpa nitida":["black cheeseberry","shrub","r, -","Planocarpa nitida occurs in boulder/rocky situations, low open woodland and heath on the sand dunes of the eastern Central Plateau (near Lake Augusta). Also known from other localities on the Central Plateau.","This low to medium erect shrub can be detected at any time of the year. Flowers and fruit (in spring-summer) may marginally aid detection but are required for identification.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Planocarpa sulcata":["grooved cheeseberry","shrub","r, -","Planocarpa sulcata occurs in exposed alpine, coniferous and deciduous heath on shallow soils in the western mountains at elevations greater than 950 m above sea level.","This low to medium erect shrub can be detected at any time of the year. Flowers and fruit (in spring-summer) may marginally aid detection but are not required for identification.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Plantago debilis":["shade plantain","herb","r, -","Plantago debilis mainly occurs in riparian environments and other disturbed sites, generally in dry and wet sclerophyll forest (but sometimes pine plantations). The species mainly occurs on Mathinna series sediments and Devonian granodiorites in north-east Tasmania. It often occurs along steep road banks.","This rosette-forming herb can be detected at any time of the year and can be identified from new and old flower spikes (usually present year-round, although most prevalent in spring-summer).","3","Group 1",""],"Plantago glacialis":["small-star plantain","herb","r, -","Plantago glacialis is found in short alpine herbfields, associated with snow patches in the central and western mountains.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year but a combination of habitat, habit, leaf morphology and flowers and fruit are required for identification.","3","Group 2",""],"Pneumatopteris pennigera":["lime fern","fern","e, -","Pneumatopteris pennigera is restricted to several sites in north-west Tasmania and on King Island, where it occurs on alluvial flats and the banks of rivers and creeks, usually in association with limey springs. ","This terrestrial fern’s distinctive leaf venation means that it can be identified at any time of year.","2","Group 3",""],"Poa cookii":["cooks tussockgrass","grass","e, -","In Tasmania, Poa cookii is restricted to Macquarie Island.","This grass species can be detected at any time of the year, but fresh and mature spikelets are required for identification (close examination of lemmas is usually needed). Spring-summer is generally the best time to collect suitable material.","3","Island Species",""],"Poa halmaturina":["dune tussockgrass","grass","r, -","Poa halmaturina occurs on deep dune sands amongst other grasses and amongst dense windswept shrubbery.","This grass species can be detected at any time of the year, but fresh and mature spikelets are required for identification (close examination of lemmas is usually needed). Spring-summer is generally the best time to collect suitable material.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Poa mollis":["soft tussockgrass","grass","r, -","Poa mollis is relatively widespread in the eastern half of the State, in dry sclerophyll forest and woodland (often dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. viminalis or Allocasuarina verticillata). Sites are often steep and rocky (e.g. Cataract Gorge).","Poa species can be detected at any time of the year based on growth habit and old inflorescences, but fresh and mature spikelets are required for identification (close examination of lemmas is usually needed). Spring-summer is generally the best time to collect suitable material, especially to separate Poa mollis from P. rodwayi, although leaf features and colour of the base of the leaves and culms can be used to separate the species.","3","Group 1",""],"Podotheca angustifolia":["sticky longheads","annual herb","x, -","Podotheca angustifolia is presumed extinct and is only known from herbarium specimens from the north-west coast collected in 1978, and King Island collected in the 1880s. Habitat includes dry sclerophyll forest and shrublands on sandy soils.","Flowers are required for the identification and detection of this herb from the daisy family. Flowering on the mainland is from September to December. ","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Polyscias sp. Douglas":["ferny panax","tree","e, -","Polyscias sp. Douglas-Denison is restricted to Tasmania’s central east coast region between Coles Bay and the Douglas River where it grows in damp shrubby sclerophyll forest with a high dolerite or granite rock cover on steep-sided gullies to more gentle slopes.","This small evergreen tree may be identified at any time of year due to its distinctive foliage. The species flowers and fruits sparingly, from about mid-December to February, but does not develop seed.","2","Group 3",""],"Polystichum vestitum":["prickly shieldfern","fern","e, -","In Tasmania, Polystichum vestitum is restricted to Macquarie Island.","This ground fern can be detected and identified at any time of the year.","2","Island Species",""],"Pomaderris elachophylla":["small-leaf dogwood","shrub","v, -","Pomaderris elachophylla occurs in a range of forested habitats from shrubby riparian forests along major rivers (e.g. Derwent River) and heathy/shrubby forests in the north-east on granitic soils. It can proliferate on disturbed sites such as firebreaks, tracks and powerline easements.","This shrub can be detected and identified at any time of the year using vegetative features (highly distinctive leaves).","2","Group 1",""],"Pomaderris intermedia":["lemon dogwood","shrub","r, -","Pomaderris intermedia occurs in heathland and heathy woodland on eastern Bass Strait islands but extends to mainly dry sclerophyll forest on mainland Tasmania, most often associated with rock outcrops (dolerite), riparian areas and open forest.","This shrub can be detected and identified at any time of the year using vegetative features (requires examination of underside of leaves) but the bright lemon-coloured flowers in spring-summer make detection and identification easier.","2","Group 1",""],"Pomaderris oraria subsp. oraria":["bassian dogwood","shrub","r, -","Pomaderris oraria subsp. oraria is known from the central north coast near Badger Head, and near Wingaroo on Flinders Island. At Badger Head plants grow on skeletal soils over fine siltstones on clifftops and foredune slopes within 100 m of the shore. Habitat includes wind-pruned coastal scrubs, and low forest dominated by Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak).","This shrub can be detected and identified at any time of the year using vegetative features (distinctive leaf shape and margins).","3","Group 2",""],"Pomaderris paniculosa subsp. paralia":["shining dogwood","shrub","r, -","Pomaderris paniculosa subsp. paralia occurs in exposed sites along cliff lines and within dune and coastal heaths and scrubs, and low forest dominated by Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak). ","This shrub can be detected and identified at any time of the year using vegetative features (distinctive leaf shape and margins).","3","Group 2",""],"Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp. ericoides":["narrowleaf dogwood","shrub","r, -","Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp. ericoides occurs in a wide range of habitats, very strongly associated with flood-prone rocky and densely shrubby rivers but extending across broader floodplains and gentle slopes into grassy/shrubby dry sclerophyll forest.","Vegetative features (growth habit and leaf morphology) are sufficient to identify the species, which can be detected at any time of the year. Leaf morphology separates the subspecies.","3","Group 2",""],"Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp. phylicifolia":["narrowleaf dogwood","shrub","r, -","Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp. phylicifolia occurs in a wide range of habitats, very strongly associated with flood-prone rocky and densely shrubby rivers but extending across broader floodplains and gentle slopes into grassy/shrubby dry sclerophyll forest.","Vegetative features (growth habit and leaf morphology) are sufficient to identify the species, which can be detected at any time of the year. Leaf morphology separates the subspecies.","3","Group 2",""],"Pomaderris pilifera subsp. talpicutica":["moleskin dogwood","shrub","v, VU","Pomaderris pilifera subsp. talpicutica is known with certainty from two small subpopulations, one in the Government Hills near Risdon in the south of Tasmania, and one close to the East Tamar Highway in the north. A third location east of Mathinna consists of a single plant in poor condition that has only been tentatively ascribed to the taxon. At East Risdon, the species occurs on western and north-western slopes within 300 m of the River Derwent and between 10-125 m above sea level. It occurs on mudstone on very well drained skeletal soils, in either Eucalyptus amygdalina or Eucalyptus risdonii low woodlands. Elsewhere, the taxon occurs in open shrubby woodland dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina, usually on dolerite.","This small multi-branched shrub flowers from September to November but can be identified year-round due to its distinctive foliage. The taxon is a variant of Pomaderris pilifera that appears to be adapted to particularly impoverish dry microsites and as such, searches would be expected to be more fruitful in similar microsites that occur adjacent to or within stands of Pomaderris pilifera subsp. pilifera.","3","Group 3","e, VU"],"Poranthera petalifera":["mountain poranthera","herb","v, VU","Poranthera petalifera is restricted to Mount Anne where it occurs in a karst community between 680-1060 m above sea level. It occurs in cracks and crevices on exposed dolomite outcrops within low shrubberies in shallow well-drained soils derived from solution pockets in the dolomite, and on the mossy, shaded walls of sinkholes.","This spreading herb with stems that die back to a slightly woody base can be identified by its leaves. The male and female flowers are on separate plants. This species flowers from December to February and fruit has been seen in June.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Prasophyllum abblittiorum":["pallid leek-orchid","","e, -","Prasophyllum abblittiorum is known only from two locations in the Arthur Pieman Conservation Area, on Bluff Hill Road and south of West Point Road. It occurs in wet heathland on quartz and sand.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Surveys for this species should be undertaken during its peak flowering period, mid-October to early November. Any survey effort should focus on but not be restricted to disturbed, slashed or recently burnt areas which the species appears to prefer, with surveys unlikely to be successful in long unburnt or disturbed sites.","3","Reserve Species","In"],"Prasophyllum amoenum":["dainty leek-orchid","orchid","v, EN","Prasophyllum amoenum has been recorded from Snug Tiers and Mt Wellington. At Snug Tiers the species occurs in sedgy buttongrass moorland and heath, and also in openings in eucalypt woodland and scrub on damp stony loam. On Mt Wellington the species is found in and near cushion plants in alpine moorland.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Where the vegetation is not very open, surveys should focus on disturbed areas, as this species appears to like disturbance but not necessarily fire. Surveys during mid-summer are recommended. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Prasophyllum apoxychilum":["tapered leek-orchid","orchid","e (v pending), EN","Prasophyllum apoxychilum is restricted to eastern and north-eastern Tasmania where it occurs in coastal heathland or grassy and scrubby open eucalypt forest on sandy and clay loams, often among rocks. It occurs at a range of elevations and seems to be strongly associated with dolerite in the east and south-east of its range.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. However, as the flowering period varies in different parts of the State, survey times should be guided by the time that local records have been collected. There appears to be a peak of flowering in late October to mid-November on the Tasman Peninsula and in the north, but subpopulations from South Bruny and Knocklofty (near Hobart) seem to peak later, in late December to early January, and late January, respectively. The survey window may be extended for a week or two as older flowers may still be identifiable. Any survey effort should focus on but not be restricted to disturbed, slashed or recently burnt areas, which the species appears to prefer, with surveys unlikely to be successful in long unburnt sites Specimens may require specialist confirmation. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","v, EN"],"Prasophyllum atratum":["three hummock leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum atratum is known with certainty only from Three Hummock Island where it occurs in slashed sedgy heathland on grey sandy loam beside an airstrip.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Late October to mid-December is the suggested survey period. Any survey effort should focus on but not be restricted to disturbed, slashed or recently burnt areas which the species appears to prefer, with surveys unlikely to be successful in long unburnt or disturbed sites, particularly where the vegetation has become dense. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Island Species",""],"Prasophyllum castaneum":["chestnut leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum castaneum has been recorded from coastal areas on Bruny Island in damp shrubby and sedgy heath on sandy loam, on Mt Brown on the Tasman Peninsula in damp skeletal soil under the protection of rocks and Leptospermum (teatree) and Banksia scrub dwarfed by continual exposure to strong sea winds, and in the Ellarwey Valley near Cape Pillar in recently burnt windswept coastal heath/scrub on skeletal rocky soils.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The few confirmed observations of this species were made in late spring to early summer. Surveys should focus on open or disturbed areas, which the species appears to prefer. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Prasophyllum crebriflorum":["crowded leek-orchid","orchid","e, EN","In north-western Tasmania, Prasophyllum crebriflorum occurs in montane tussock grassland dominated by Poa labillardierei (silver tussock grass), with scattered patches of the woody shrub Hakea microcarpa (smallfruit needlebush). On the Central Plateau, plants currently ascribed to Prasophyllum crebriflorum occur in highland native grassland dominated by Poa gunnii (gunns snowgrass) and grassy woodland with a sparse overstorey of Eucalyptus gunnii.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Observations ascribed to Prasophyllum crebriflorum have been made from the latter part of December through to February, with a narrower identification window at each site dependent on local conditions and possibly altitude. Flowering appears to be stimulated by fire. Specimens may require specialist confirmation because of confusion in the ‘subalpine green-brown’ Prasophyllum species-complex.","3","Group 3",""],"Prasophyllum favonium":["western leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum favonium is restricted to the far north-west of Tasmania where it occurs among shrubs in windswept dense low heathland on moderately drained dark grey to black sandy peaty loam.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Most observations have been made in early November. As flowering of this species is stimulated by fire, surveys should focus on recently burnt areas. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Prasophyllum incorrectum":["golfers leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum incorrectum is restricted to Tasmania’s Northern Midlands where it occurs in relatively damp native grassland and grassy eucalypt and Banksia woodland on sandy loam.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The species has a very short flowering peak around mid-October extending into early November. The species flowers well in response to disturbance, specifically slashing but flowers freely in the absence of fire. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Prasophyllum limnetes":["marsh leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum limnetes is known only from one site near Port Sorell where it occurs in the ecotone between low-lying marshy heath/sedgeland dominated by rushes and sedges with scattered patches of Lomandra longifolia (sagg) and Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), and coastal Eucalyptus amygdalina woodland with a heathy/grassy understorey.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The only confirmed observations were made in December, a time when the similar Prasophyllum rostratum in the area has finished flowering. Surveys should focus on recently burnt sites as flowering of this species is promoted by fire. This species may not emerge during periods of severe drought. Specimens may require specialist confirmation because of its similarity to the widespread and common P. rostratum. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Prasophyllum milfordense":["milford leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum milfordense is known only from a single subpopulation close to the Hobart Airport where it occurs amongst Lomandra longifolia (sagg) tussocks in Eucalyptus viminalis woodland on well-drained, grey sandy loam.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Most observations have been made in November. The species flowers in response to disturbance such as animal diggings. Unlike many leek-orchids, Prasophyllum milfordense flowers freely in the absence of fire. It may not emerge during periods of severe drought. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Prasophyllum olidum":["pungent leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum olidum is known only from the native grassland ‘roughs’ at Campbell Town Golf Course, where it occurs in relatively damp conditions on sandy loam.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Flowering is in late November, extending to early December. This species may not flower or emerge during periods of severe drought.  Unlike many leek-orchids, Prasophyllum olidum flowers freely in the absence of fire. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Prasophyllum perangustum":["knocklofty leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum perangustum is known only from one small population in Knocklofty Park in the foothills of Mt. Wellington about 350 m above sea level. It occurs in grassy Eucalyptus pulchella forest on well-drained clay loam and skeletal clay loam derived from dolerite.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Most of the few observations of this species have been made in early December. Flowering appears to be promoted by fire. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Prasophyllum pulchellum":["pretty leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum pulchellum is known from widely scattered coastal and near-coastal sites in the north, north-west and south-east of the State. It occurs in dense low sedgy heath with pockets of Melaleuca (paperbark) or Leptospermum (teatree) on poorly to moderately-drained sandy or peaty loam. Recent collections ascribed to the species from the Tasman Peninsula were from dolerite outcrops among wind-pruned coastal scrub/low eucalypt woodland.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Most observations have been made in early November. Flowering of this orchid is strongly promoted by fire. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Prasophyllum robustum":["robust leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum robustum is now known only from one small site in grassy and shrubby Eucalyptus amygdalina forest on well-drained brown loam derived from basalt. The species has a much wider historical distribution.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Flowering may be stimulated by fire. The few observations of this species have been made in early November. Specimens may require specialist confirmation because of confusion within the Prasophyllum truncatum-patens species-complex. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Prasophyllum secutum":["northern leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum secutum occurs in northern Tasmania in dense coastal scrub in the swales of stabilised sand dunes on white to grey sands and sandy loam.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. All observations have been made in November. Emergence and flowering is highly dependent on a hot summer fire the preceding season, so much so that the chances of finding plants after the first few flowering seasons after high intensity summer fires are extremely low. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Prasophyllum stellatum":["ben lomond leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum stellatum is known from two disjunct locations in Tasmania, at Storys Creek and Cluan Tiers, with sites ranging from 555-960 m above sea level. The species occurs in forest dominated by Eucalyptus delegatensis (with Eucalyptus dalrympleana as a minor canopy component), with a shrubby to grassy understorey. All sites occur on dolerite, with a relatively high surface rock cover and deep clay-loam soils at most sites.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Evidence suggests the species flowers from late summer to early autumn. Most specimens were collected in mid to late February from the Storys Creek area and mid to late January from the Cluan Tiers area, with flowering not well synchronised. The species may not flower or emerge in dry years. Specimens may require specialist confirmation because of confusion within the Prasophyllum truncatum-patens species-complex. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Prasophyllum tadgellianum":["tadgells leek-orchid","orchid","r, -","Prasophyllum tadgellianum occurs on the Central Plateau in subalpine grassland and grassy woodland on well-drained loam, often in moist places near streams and bogs.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Known from a handful of places in the Central Highlands, flowering is in January around 700 m altitude but a month later in higher and more exposed places. Specimens may require specialist confirmation because of confusion in the ‘subalpine green-brown’ Prasophyllum species-complex. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 2",""],"Prasophyllum taphanyx":["graveside leek-orchid","orchid","e, CR","Prasophyllum taphanyx is known only from a cemetery in Campbell Town that supports a remnant patch of Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) grassland occurring on well-drained basaltic soils.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The species flowers in late October and early November. The species may not flower or emerge in dry years. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Prasophyllum tunbridgense":["tunbridge leek-orchid","orchid","e, EN","Prasophyllum tunbridgense is restricted to the Tunbridge/Campbell Town area, where it occurs in native grassland on well-drained loams derived from basalt. Associated species include Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Rytidosperma spp. (wallabygrasses), Austrostipa spp. (speargrasses), and a range of herbs, lilies, mosses and lichens.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Most observations have been made in late October and November. The species may not flower or emerge in dry years. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Prasophyllum sp. Arthurs Lake":["mountain leek-orchid","orchid","e, -","Prasophyllum sp. Arthurs Lake is known only from Surrey Hills, near Woods Lake and Mt Roland in Tasmania, all sites above 650 m elevation. The species has been recorded from montane grasslands and in black loam in the ecotone between wet grassland and eucalypt woodland on moraines.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The few observations have been in late January. This is a poorly-understood species and specimens may require specialist confirmation.  More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Prostanthera cuneata":["alpine mintbush","shrub","x, -","On the mainland Prostanthera cuneata occurs in the alpine and subalpine heaths of Victoria and New South Wales. Apart from planted specimens, this species appears to be extinct in Tasmania, but was collected from a lowland site (but flood debris in the sample suggests it could have been washed down from higher elevations).","While this widely spreading, strong-smelling shrub can be identified from its foliage, the presence of flowers can greatly facilitate detection. Flowering on the mainland is from November to February.","2","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Prostanthera rotundifolia":["roundleaf mintbush","shrub","v, -","Prostanthera rotundifolia mainly occurs along flood-prone rocky riverbeds as a component of the dense riparian shrubbery but also extends to adjacent rocky slopes.","This distinctive shrub (also highly aromatic) can be detected and identified at any time of the year (distinctive leaves) but flowers significantly aid detection.","2","Group 2","Rh"],"Pseudocephalozia paludicola":["liverwort","liverwort","-, VU","Pseudocephalozia paludicola occurs on wet ground in subalpine grassland in the west of the State and on its central and eastern mountains. Species of Pseudocephalozia mostly occur on permanently damp mineral soil or over peat and are frequently found in moorland and sphagnous areas.","This erect or nearly erect liverwort can be identified at any time of the year but specialist confirmation is recommended.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Pterostylis atriola":["snug greenhood","orchid","r, -","Pterostylis atriola occurs in the north and east of Tasmania on generally stony soil in dry to damp sclerophyll forest, typically with an open understorey. The species occurs at a range of elevations but is most strongly associated with winter cold sites (e.g. Snug Tiers) or areas receiving a moderately consistent rainfall (e.g. Wielangta, Railton).","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The species flowers between January and March, with a peak in February. It can be identified from fresh or fertilised flowers, perhaps as late as May at some sites. It favours disturbed sites. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 1",""],"Pterostylis commutata":["midlands greenhood","orchid","e, CR","Pterostylis commutata is restricted to Tasmania’s Midlands, where it occurs in native grassland and Eucalyptus pauciflora grassy woodland on well-drained sandy soils and basalt loams.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The species flowers in mid-summer, and is usually in full flower around Christmas, when the surrounding vegetation has dried off. It occurs in small loose colonies. The species may not flower or emerge in dry years. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Pterostylis cucullata subsp. cucullata":["leafy greenhood","orchid","e (v pending), VU","Pterostylis cucullata subsp. cucullata is known from near-coastal areas in the State’s north-west, including Hunter Island, Three Hummock Island and King Island, where it occurs on calcareous dunes and sand-sheets, within closed scrubs dominated by either Leptospermum laevigatum (coast teatree) or Beyeria lechenaultii var. latifolia (pale turpentine-bush). The sites are typically sheltered, facing south or south-easterly to westerly, with seasonally damp but well-drained humus-rich sandy loams, often with moss and deep leaf litter.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. It flowers in late spring, with a peak between mid-October and mid-November, but often there are plants from the early bud stage through to fully fertilised flowers within the one colony. Even though the species may form extensive colonies, it is surprisingly difficult to detect because plants can occur amongst dense grass and beneath low coastal scrub. Once found, however, the distinctive rosettes can be easily counted, even in the absence of flowering plants. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Pterostylis falcata":["sickle greenhood","orchid","e, -","Habitat of Pterostylis falcata in Tasmania is poorly understood but probably includes moist to wet forests on fertile substrates. A recent record is from heavy clay soils with impeded drainage in sedgy/scrubby Eucalyptus ovata woodland.","Flowers are required for the identification of this summer-flowering ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. On the mainland, flowering is between September and January but herbarium records from Tasmania suggest a peak in Tasmania in late December into January, with a recent late November collection. Specimens may require specialist confirmation. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Pterostylis grandiflora":["superb greenhood","orchid","r, -","Pterostylis grandiflora occurs mostly in heathy and shrubby open eucalypt forests and in grassy coastal Allocasuarina (sheoak) woodland on moderately to well-drained sandy and loamy soils. It prefers to grow amongst undergrowth on lightly shaded sites. A recent population has been detected in wet sclerophyll forests.","Flowers are required for the identification of this autumn- to winter-flowering ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering (rosettes are quite distinctive but not present in flowering plants). Flowering peaks between April and August. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Pterostylis lustra":["small sickle greenhood","orchid","r (e pending), -","Pterostylis lustra mainly occurs in coastal to near-coastal swampy habitats. The site from the Preminghana area is from the edge of a wetland (lake) amongst grassy Leptospermum lanigerum scrubby forest. Tiger Flats is a broad grassy/scrubby flat surrounded by stabilised grassy dunes and denser swamp forest thickets.","Flowers are required for the identification of this summer-flowering ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. On mainland Australia, flowering is from November and February but herbarium records from Tasmania suggest a peak in Tasmania in late October to mid-November. Specimens may require specialist confirmation. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Pterostylis pratensis":["liawenee greenhood","orchid","v, VU","Pterostylis pratensis is restricted to the Central Highlands of Tasmania, growing at an elevation of 850-1100 m above sea level in subalpine Poa labillardierei tussock grassland that is very exposed, low and open, with patches of often stunted Olearia algida (alpine daisybush) and Hakea microcarpa (smallfruit needlebush) scrub on red–brown loamy to clay soils derived from basalt.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Most flowering is in December, though the characteristic labellum appendage can be seen even in shrivelled flowers, albeit with some difficulty. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Pterostylis rubenachii":["arthur river greenhood","orchid","e, EN","Pterostylis rubenachii is restricted to coastal lowland along the northern West Coast, where it occurs on dry, sandy slopes of sparsely vegetated stabilised sand dunes, and also in permanently wet to moist scrubby and sedgy coastal heath converted to semi-improved pasture by slashing.","Flowers are required for the identification and to aid detection of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Most flowering is in early November. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Pterostylis sanguinea":["banded greenhood","orchid","r, -","Pterostylis sanguinea occurs in coastal eucalypt and sheoak woodland, teatree scrub and scrubby heathland on well-drained gravelly peat and sandy and clay loams.","Flowers are required for the identification and to aid detection of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Most flowering is between June and September. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Pterostylis squamata":["ruddy greenhood","orchid","r (v pending), -","Pterostylis squamata occurs in heathy and grassy open eucalypt forest, woodland and heathland on well-drained sandy and clay loams.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Flowering is between December and March, but varies considerably between sites. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","v, -"],"Pterostylis tunstallii":["tunstalls greenhood","orchid","e, -","Pterostylis tunstallii is restricted to the eastern Bass Strait islands where it occurs in open forest and woodland, often in accumulated litter, on granite-derived gravelly and loamy soils.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Recently fertilised flowers can be dissected and the labellum examined to make an identification. Observations from Tasmania have been made from July to early September. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Island Species",""],"Pterostylis wapstrarum":["fleshy greenhood","orchid","e, CR","Pterostylis wapstrarum is restricted to the Midlands and south-east of Tasmania where it occurs in native grassland and possibly grassy woodland. It has been reported from basalt soils.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Most observations of the species have been made in late October, though the characteristic labellum appendage can be seen even in shrivelled flowers, albeit with some difficulty. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Pterostylis ziegeleri":["grassland greenhood","orchid","v, VU","Pterostylis ziegeleri occurs in the State’s south, east and north, with an outlying occurrence in the north-west. In coastal areas, the species occurs on the slopes of low stabilised sand dunes and in grassy dune swales, while in the Midlands it grows in native grassland or grassy woodland on well-drained clay loams derived from basalt.","Flowers are required for the identification of this spring-flowering ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering, though the characteristic labellum appendage can be seen even in shrivelled flowers, albeit with some difficulty. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Puccinellia perlaxa":["spreading saltmarshgrass","grass","r, -","Puccinellia perlaxa is only known from a creek bed in a saline area of a paddock on Valleyfield Road, Midlands.","This grass can be detected at any time of the year but like most grasses, it is most likely to be found during spring-summer after a flush of growth. Flowers are required for identification.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Pultenaea humilis":["dwarf bushpea","shrub","v, -","Pultenaea humilis occurs in grassy forests and woodlands, on gently undulating terrain, with an association with lateritic soils.","This low shrub can be detected and identified throughout the year but the flush of orange flowers in spring significantly aid in detection.","2","Group 3","S"],"Pultenaea mollis":["soft bushpea","shrub","v, -","Pultenaea mollis occurs in heathy and shrubby forest and woodland.","This erect shrub can be detected and identified throughout the year but the flush of orange flowers in spring significantly aid in detection.","2","Group 3","Hs"],"Pultenaea prostrata":["silky bushpea","shrub","v, -","Pultenaea prostrata occurs in grassy woodlands or grasslands, mostly on Tertiary basalt or Quaternary alluvium.","This prostrate shrub can be detected and identified throughout the year but the flush of orange flowers in spring significantly aid in detection.","2","Group 3","Hs"],"Pultenaea sericea":["chaffy bushpea","shrub","v, -","Pultenaea sericea occurs in sandy to clayey soils in damp lowland heath.","This erect shrub can be detected and identified throughout the year but it is very difficult to find in the absence of flowers as the plant is remarkably well hidden amongst dense sedgy heathland.","3","Group 3","Hs"],"Punctelia subflava":["lichen","lichen","x, -","In Tasmania, Punctelia subflava is known only from a single collection in 1839 from an unspecified location. On mainland Australia, this species occurs in coastal habitats such as mangroves and it is possible that the species once occurred in swampy Melaleuca (paperbark) dominated coastal forests in Tasmania.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist. This species is presumed extinct in Tasmania.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Ranunculus acaulis":["dune buttercup","herb","r, -","Ranunculus acaulis is restricted to the west and north-west coast, where it grows in seepage areas on the seaward sides of dunes.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year; however, the bright yellow flowers that appear in late spring and early summer aid detection. ","3","Reserve Species",""],"Ranunculus collicola":["lake augusta buttercup","herb","r, -","Ranunculus collicola is now known only from the shores of First and Second Lagoon and Lake Sorell on the Central Plateau. It has also been collected from Interlaken. It occurs on the margins of the lagoons in fine silt that is prone to seasonal flooding. Further investigation of a record from wet sands of Lake Pedder, suggests that it may have been a record of Ranunculus collicola.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year; however, the bright yellow flowers and fruit are required for identification (January to April).","3","Reserve Species",""],"Ranunculus diminutus":["brackish buttercup","herb","- (e pending), -","Ranunculus diminutus occurs on the margins of brackish lagoons. In Tasmania, it is known only from Badger Island in the Furneaux Group.","This small stoloniferous herb can be detected at any time of the year but a flush of growth in spring probably makes detection easier, as do the golden yellow flowers (present mostly September to February).","3","Island Species",""],"Ranunculus jugosus":["twinned buttercup","herb","r, -","Ranunculus jugosus grows in short alpine herbfields in the Central Plateau region. It appears to be associated with rivers and soaks.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year; however, the bright yellow flowers aid detection. Flowers and fruit aid in identification (late spring into summer) though the combination of characters combined with habitat is usually sufficient to confidently identify the species. ","3","Group 1",""],"Ranunculus prasinus":["midlands buttercup","herb","e, EN","Ranunculus prasinus is known only from Tasmania’s Midlands, where it occurs on the margins of brackish wetlands where herbfields merge into grasslands dominated by silver tussockgrass. When the wetlands dry, the species may expand onto the wetland floor. All sites are flat or gently sloping and occur at elevations of 190-260 m above sea level. Soils are generally heavy clays and tend to be alkaline, the pH varying from 7.0 to 8.5. ","Surveys for this small mat-forming herb can be conducted any time of the year as identifiable features are likely to always be present. However, the species is significantly easier to detect from September to March when the species is flowering.  ","3","Group 2",""],"Ranunculus pumilio var. pumilio":["ferny buttercup","annual herb","r, -","Ranunculus pumilio var. pumilio occurs mostly in wet places (e.g. broad floodplains of permanent creeks, \"wet pastures\") from sea level to altitudes of 800-900 m above sea level.","While the growth habit of this species is distinctive, it flowers annually in late spring/early summer and is detectable for a short time only. Flowers and fruit confirm identification and aid detection.","3","Group 2",""],"Rhodanthe anthemoides":["chamomile sunray","herb","r, -","Rhodanthe anthemoides occurs in montane grasslands, heath and heathy scrub in central and north-western Tasmania.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year but detection is significantly aided by the presence of bright white flowers in spring-summer. Leaves are sufficiently distinct for identification.","3","Group 2",""],"Rhytidosporum inconspicuum":["alpine appleberry","shrub","e, -","Rhytidosporum inconspicuum occurs in open grassy heath at several montane sites in the Central Highlands and in wetter grassy, sedgy or heathy areas, sometimes in eucalypt woodland, at lower altitudes in the Eastern Tiers. Rhytidosporum inconspicuum has been recorded from 10-1240 m above sea level.","This prostrate and spreading undershrub is difficult to find, but is most easily detected and identifiable when flowering or fruiting, in late October to early December, and January to early February, respectively in lowland and montane areas.","3","Group 3",""],"Roccellinastrum neglectum":["lichen","lichen","e, -","Within Australia, Roccellinastrum neglectum is known only from the cool temperate rainforests of the Savage River Pipeline Road in the north-west of Tasmania where it occurs on smooth-barked, shaded tree trunks.","This decumbent, bushy or shrublike, woolly lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Rumex bidens":["mud dock","herb","v, -","Rumex bidens grows at the margins of lakes, swamps, and slow-moving rivers and streams, and may also occur in drainage channels.","This species is readily distinguished from other Rumex species in Tasmania by its inflated floating stems and distinctive fruit, and can be detected at any time of year (although a flush of growth in spring aids detection).","3","Group 2",""],"Ruppia megacarpa":["largefruit seatassel","aquatic herb","r, -","Ruppia megacarpa occurs in estuaries and lagoons along the east and south-east coasts, and brackish lagoons in the Midlands; there is also an historic record from the Tamar estuary in the States’ north.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year, and while distinctive vegetatively, mature fruit are required for identification (peak fruiting is in late spring-summer but remnants may often be present for much of the year).","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Ruppia tuberosa":["tuberous seatassel","aquatic herb","r, -","Ruppia tuberosa has been recorded from the State’s south-east at Ralphs Bay and Blackman Bay, where it grows in holes and channels in saltmarshes.","This slender herb requires mature fruit for identification, October to November being the recommended survey period.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Rytidosperma indutum":["tall wallabygrass","grass","r, -","Rytidosperma indutum is relatively widespread on mudstone and dolerite in dry sclerophyll woodlands and associated lowland grasslands in drier parts of the State.","Mature inflorescences are required for identification of this tall tufted grass. Inflorescences are produced in spring-summer, but enough florets for identification are usually present in populations to confirm identification and presence of the species at other times.","3","Group 1",""],"Rytidosperma remotum":["remote wallabygrass","grass","r, -","Rytidosperma remotum has only been recorded in tussock grassland (Poa poiformis) on a dolerite substrate on the summit of Hibbs Pyramid at 70 m above sea level.","Mature inflorescences are required for the identification of this grass, December to early February being the recommended survey period.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Sagina diemensis":["tasmanian pearlwort","herb","e, EN","Sagina diemensis is restricted to dolomite substrates in the Mount Anne region and the Weld River in Tasmania’s south-west. The species occurs in cracks and crevices on exposed dolomite outcrops at Mount Anne in shallow well-drained soils derived from solution pockets in the dolomite, and on sparsely vegetated dolomite rock ledges above the river at the Weld River site.","Flowers are required for the identification of this cushion-forming herb, December to March being the recommended survey period. ","3","Reserve Species",""],"Scaevola aemula":["fairy fanflower","herb","e, -","Scaevola aemula is restricted to the East Coast between the Prosser and the Apsley rivers, where its habitat includes dry woodland/forest dominated by Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak) or ‘half-barked’ Eucalyptus amygdalina, with Callitris rhomboidea (oyster bay pine) also usually present. The species often occurs on rocky dolerite slopes.","This decumbent or ascending herb is most readily detected when in flower, though its distinctive leaf shape and vestiture mean that it can be identified at any time of year. Flowering occurs from November to May. Surveys should focus on areas subject to fire or physical disturbance in the previous year or two, as the species may proliferate from any soil-stored seed in response to disturbance events. Surveys in long-undisturbed potential habitat are likely to be unsuccessful.","3","Group 2",""],"Scaevola albida":["pale fanflower","herb","v, -","The habitat of Scaevola albida includes near-coastal scrubs, woodlands and grasslands, usually on calcareous sands, and it has also been observed colonising road margins. The elevation of known sites is 10-30 m above sea level, and the annual rainfall is about 500-700 mm. The potential habitat of Scaevola albida on Flinders Island is roughly delineated by areas of Quaternary sands with limestone deposits, in the Marshall Bay land system. The analogous system in north-western Tasmania is the Temma land system.","This low herb can be detected at any time but the pale flowers significantly aid detection and are required for identification (mainly spring-summer).","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Schenkia australis":["spike centaury","annual herb","r, -","Schenkia australis has been recorded from rainforest, wet sclerophyll forest, dry sclerophyll forest and heathland in the east and north of the State. It has also been recorded from forest sites which were cleared for pasture. Several recent sites are from windswept coastal heathland/scrub.","This herb can only be detected during spring-summer. Flowers and fruits are needed for identification. There is considerable confusion between Schenkia australis and the introduced Centaurium erythraea and C. tenuiflorum.","3","Group 1",""],"Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani":["river clubsedge","sedge","r, -","Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani inhabits the margins of lagoons on King Island, Flinders Island and on some riverbanks in the Midlands, with an outlying population in western Tasmania and historical records elsewhere.","This aquatic sedge can be identified at any time of the year, although old inflorescences during mid-winter (and shoulder months) can be difficult to detect in sites with lots of similar sedge/rush material.","3","Group 2",""],"Schoenus brevifolius":["zigzag bogsedge","sedge","r, -","Schoenus brevifolius grows in shallow water around the fringes of lagoons in the north-east.","This sedge can be identified at any time of the year, although old inflorescences during mid-winter (and shoulder months) can be difficult to detect in sites with lots of similar sedge/rush material.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Schoenus latelaminatus":["medusa bogsedge","sedge","e, -","Schoenus latelaminatus is known from the Northern Midlands between Campbell Town and Powranna, where it grows at the margins of wetlands and in seasonally wet places, including depressions associated with ephemeral lake features. The altitude of recorded sites in Tasmania ranges from 180-210 m above sea level and the underlying geology is mostly Tertiary sediment but also includes Tertiary basalt and Quaternary alluvium.","While inflorescences are required for identification of this small tufted sedge, it can be detected by its foliage. Detection can be difficult when this palatable species has been heavily browsed. Being ephemeral in nature, abundance can fluctuate greatly from year to year depending on rainfall. Flowering occurs from spring to early summer. ","3","Group 2",""],"Scleranthus brockiei":["mountain knawel","herb","r, -","No longer applicable – delisted. Scleranthus brockiei mainly occurs at mid to higher elevations in native grasslands and grassy forests/woodlands, often in slightly poorly-drained sites (usually wetter sites than S. biflorus, which can co-occur). Some sites are in lowland habitats, usually native grasslands and grassy woodlands. ","No longer applicable – delisted. This ground cover can be detected at any time of the year. Flowers are needed for identification (to separate from S. biflorus) but suitable fertile material is usually present at any time of the year (although spring-summer is the peak in flowering and fruiting).","3 ","Group 1",""],"Scleranthus diander":["tufted knawel","herb","v, -","Scleranthus diander is found from the Central Midlands area to Hobart with most of the records from the Ross and Tunbridge areas. This species inhabits grassy woodland and is associated with dolerite and basalt substrates.","This ground cover can be detected at any time of the year, although it is most obvious in spring-summer and when surrounding grass is browsed low.","3","Group 1",""],"Scleranthus fasciculatus":["spreading knawel","herb","v, -","Scleranthus fasciculatus is only recorded from a few locations in the Midlands and south-east. The vegetation at most of the sites is Poa grassland/grassy woodland. Scleranthus fasciculatus appears to need gaps between the tussock spaces for its survival and both fire and stock grazing maintain the openness it requires. Often found in areas protected from grazing such as fallen trees and branches.","This ground cover can be detected at any time of the year, although it is most obvious in spring-summer and when surrounding grass is browsed low.","3","Group 1",""],"Scutellaria humilis":["dwarf scullcap","annual herb","r, -","Scutellaria humilis is found in moist, shady places in the north-east and south-east of the State. Recent sites have been associated with rocky slopes and rises.","This erect herb can be detected at any time but spring surveys are recommended to maximise detection opportunity. Flowers and fruit may marginally aid detection but will confirm identification.","3","Group 2",""],"Senecio campylocarpus":["bulging fireweed","herb","v, -","Senecio campylocarpus occurs on grassy margins of permanent rivers in the Midlands and on broad floodplains.","This herb from the daisy family can be found at any time of the year, although identification requires mature florets, which are generally most abundant in spring-summer. Any Senecio species growing with their ‘feet wet’, however, should be suspected as a threatened species.","3","Group 2",""],"Senecio georgianus":["grey groundsel","herb","x, EX","On mainland Australia, Senecio georgianus is recorded as occurring in savannah grassland, undulating grassy eucalypt woodland, grassy subalpine ridges, and collections frequently occurred in association with major rivers and lakes. The habitat within Tasmania is unknown.","This herb from the daisy family is presumed to be extinct. The peak flowering period of most species of Senecio is spring through summer and into autumn, but many species are detectable and identifiable at most times of the year. The only dated Tasmanian collections of Senecio georgianus were made in late February and March 1804, and in 1805, the latter probably in late November. Specimens from mainland Australia have been collected throughout most of the year. ","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Senecio macrocarpus":["largefruit fireweed","herb","e, VU","Senecio macrocarpus is presumed extinct in Tasmania, having been collected from the north of the State including the South Esk River. In Victoria, the species occurs in poorly-drained basalt grasslands and grassy woodlands.","Flowers are required for identification of this erect or sprawling shrub from the daisy family. Plants on mainland Australia flower from September to November, and on occasion in March and April. The only Tasmanian records are from October and December in the mid-1800s. ","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Senecio psilocarpus":["swamp fireweed","herb","e, VU","Senecio psilocarpus is known from six widely scattered sites in the northern half of the State, including King and Flinders islands. It occurs in swampy habitats including broad valley floors associated with rivers, edges of farm dams amongst low-lying grazing/cropping ground, herb-rich native grassland in a broad swale between stable sand dunes, adjacent to wetlands in native grassland, herbaceous marshland and low-lying lagoon systems.","Flowers are required for identification and aid detection of this semi-aquatic herb from the daisy family. The species flowers from November to March. The species has been observed to proliferate following fire and plants may not be seen or only persist in low numbers in between disturbance events. Any Senecio species growing with their ‘feet wet’, however, should be suspected as a threatened species and specialist identification may be required. ","3","Group 2",""],"Senecio squarrosus":["leafy fireweed","herb","r, -","Senecio squarrosus occurs in a wide variety of habitats. One form occurs predominantly in lowland damp tussock grasslands. The more widespread and common form occurs mainly in dry forests (often grassy) but extends to wet forests and other vegetation types.","This herb can be found at any time of the year, although growth is most prolific in spring-summer. Identification requires mature florets, which are generally most abundant in this period. Mature flowerheads with florets are rarely present in winter, so only speculative identification is possible, based on familiarity with habitat, habit and leaf morphology. ","3","Group 1",""],"Sicyos australis":["star cucumber","herb","r, -","Historical records of Sicyos australis were collected from the eastern coastline of Flinders Island, however, this species is now only known from Inner Sister Island. Here it occurs on rocky limestone ground with coastal shrubbery. It is also found in coastal grasslands on alkaline sand.","This herb can be detected and identified at any time of the year (habitat, growth habit, and vegetative morphology is distinctive).","2","Island Species",""],"Siloxerus multiflorus":["small wrinklewort","annual herb","r, -","Siloxerus multiflorus occurs in a range of somewhat exposed lowland habitats, including bare soil and rocks amongst dense windswept coastal shrubbery to rock outcrops and bare ground associated with native grassland, grassy woodland and forest.","Flowers are required to identify and aid detection of this cryptic, tiny herb from the daisy family. Most observations have been in October and early November, though the species may not emerge in dry seasons, and detection is often difficult. The species can be locally common for a very brief period (e.g. 1-2 weeks) and then virtually absent, or be in very low numbers and only detectable by crawling over rock plates and bare ground on hands and knees.","3","Group 1",""],"Sirophysalis trinodis":["brown alga","marine alga","r, -","Sirophysalis trinodis inhabits water between 0.5-1.5 m depths in very sheltered parts of Blackman Bay.","In summer, this marine alga sends up fertile fronds, which float on top of the water at low tide and are easily visible. In late summer, these disappear, leaving the basal holdfast. Tasmanian observations are from early January.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Solanum opacum":["greenberry nightshade","shrub","e, -","Solanum opacum is known from a variety of habitats. On King Island, the species occurs in poorly-drained tall Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest. Similarly, on Inner Sister Island, it occurs in Melaleuca ericifolia/Leptospermum laevigatum scrub on sandy loams in a small gully associated with an ephemeral stream. On Prime Seal Island, the species was recorded from open shrubberies on granite outcrops. The habitat of the site from Harford is simply reported as a “rocky hilltop”.","This soft-wooded shrub can be found at any time of the year, although mature fruit (mainly found in spring and summer) is needed for identification (which also requires other characters such as leaf shape and vestiture). ","3","Group 3",""],"Sowerbaea juncea":["purple rushlily","graminoid","v, -","Sowerbaea juncea is restricted to the near-coastal parts of the east and north-east between The Gardens and Eddystone Point, where it generally occurs in low-lying heathland and sedgy heathland between forested rises. The species often occurs on the fringes of these heathland swathes but can be sporadic in the heart of the heathland. It can also occur in heathy/sedgy woodland (dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina and occasionally E. ovata) particularly in patches with a light canopy cover and an open understorey, which are often created by a combination of low intensity fires and cattle grazing.","Surveys for this tufted herb should be undertaken during the peak flowering period (October through to early February). It is virtually impossible to detect in the absence of its distinctive flower-heads, with the tuft of green leaves usually hidden amongst the dense grasses and sedges typical of its habitat. Sometimes old flower-heads (pale papery-dry clusters) are found later in the flowering season. ","3","Group 2",""],"Spyridium eriocephalum var. eriocephalum":["heath dustymiller","shrub","e, -","Spyridium eriocephalum var. eriocephalum is known to be extant at a single subpopulation within East Risdon State Reserve where it grows on mudstones in open shrublands or low open eucalypt woodlands, the species being closely associated with Aboriginal middens, with abundant crushed and burnt shell. The dominant eucalypt is Eucalyptus amygdalina, with Eucalyptus risdonii occurring at the small inland site. Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak) is also prominent at one site. The aspect of the East Risdon sites ranges from west to north-west, the slope from 2-25 degrees, elevation above sea level from 5-30 m above sea level, while the majority of plants are within 150 m of the River Derwent.","This bushy shrub can be identified at any time of the year.","3","Group 3",""],"Spyridium lawrencei":["small-leaf dustymiller","shrub","v, EN","Spyridium lawrencei occurs on the Central East Coast and the Eastern Midlands, with its main populations centred on the Swan, Apsley and St Pauls rivers, with an outlying population in the Three Thumbs area, south of Orford. The species mainly occurs in the zone between riparian vegetation, woodland or forest, and occasionally pasture. It also occurs on rock plates on forested slopes. It can be maintained by regular disturbances such as fire or flooding.","Surveys for this leggy shrub can be conducted any time of the year as identifiable features are always present. ","1","Group 2",""],"Spyridium obcordatum":["creeping dustymiller","shrub","v, VU","Spyridium obcordatum is restricted to the Central North Coast. In hills to the east of the Dazzler Range near Beaconsfield, it primarily occurs amongst serpentine outcrops in dry open forest or woodland dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina. In coastal areas from Greens Beach to Hawley Beach at Port Sorell, it occurs on sandstone and dolerite in Allocasuarina verticillata woodland and Allocasuarina monilifera-Leptospermum scoparium heath. The species is often associated with outcropping rocks, exposed rock plates and rocky ground. It occurs at altitudes less than 180 m above sea level. It is most abundant in disturbed areas, as it can proliferate from soil-stored seed after disturbance.","This prostrate shrub flowers from mid-September to October, but surveys can be conducted any time of the year as identifiable features (including its white floral leaves) are always. It is most abundant in disturbed areas, as it can proliferate from soil-stored seed after disturbance. ","2","Group 3",""],"Spyridium parvifolium var. molle":["soft dustymiller","shrub","r, -","Spyridium parvifolium var. molle occurs in a range of vegetation types, mainly shrubby dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands. It can proliferate from soil-stored seed after disturbance.","Surveys for this erect much-branched shrub can be conducted throughout the year as identifiable features (including its hairy whitish floral leaves) are always present. Its greyish-green leaves with soft, velvety hairs allow it to be distinguished from var. parvifolium, although the two varieties merge into one another and are under review. It can proliferate from soil-stored seed after disturbance. ","2","Group 1",""],"Spyridium parvifolium var. parvifolium":["coast dustymiller","shrub","r, -","Spyridium parvifolium var. parvifolium mainly occurs in near-coastal areas in northern Tasmania. It occurs in a range of vegetation types, mainly shrubby dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands. It can proliferate from soil-stored seed after disturbance.","Surveys for this erect much-branched shrub can be conducted throughout the year as identifiable features (including its white floral leaves) are always present. Its green and relatively hairless leaves allow it to be distinguished from var. molle, although the two varieties merge into one another and are under review. It is most abundant in disturbed areas, as it can proliferate from soil-stored seed after disturbance.","2","Group 1",""],"Spyridium vexilliferum var. vexilliferum":["helicopter bush","shrub","r, -","Spyridium vexilliferum occurs in a range of vegetation types, including sandy heaths, rock plates and dry sclerophyll forest and woodland (mainly dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina). It is found on a range of substrates (e.g. mudstone, granite, laterite gravels) from near-coastal areas in the east, north and west of the State, to the Midlands and lower Derwent Valley. It is most abundant in open or disturbed areas, as it can proliferate from soil-stored seed after disturbance. ","Surveys for this erect much-branched shrub can be conducted throughout the year as identifiable features (including its white floral leaves) are always. It is most abundant in open or disturbed areas, as it can proliferate from soil-stored seed after disturbance. ","2","Group 2",""],"Stackhousia pulvinaris":["alpine candles","herb","v, -","Stackhousia pulvinaris habitat includes alpine herbfield and subalpine grassland, notably in small depressions or at the margins of bogs and swamps. The stronghold for Stackhousia pulvinaris is the Vale of Belvoir near Cradle Mountain. The species is locally abundant at the margins of sinkholes where the ground is rocky and exposed, and also extends into grasslands and grassy sedgelands (especially along animal pads and other disturbed areas). The geology of the area consists of basalt over limestone, with friable soils containing a quartz element due to weathering of the Cambro-Ordovician sediments that dominate the adjacent slopes. The altitude range of extant sites is 780-870 m above sea level.","Surveys for this herb are most easily undertaken during its main flowering period, November to January, though it can be identified at other times of year due to its distinctive foliage.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Stackhousia subterranea":["grassland candles","annual herb","e, -","Stackhousia subterranea occurs in native grasslands and grassy woodlands/forests, often associated with fertile soils derived from basalt. Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) is often one of the more prominent grasses.","Surveys for this herb must be conducted in the peak flowering period (October to December) as it dies down to a rhizome during winter. Early shoots are only detected with experience and flowering plants are the only real guide to its presence. Older plants tend to shrivel and become hidden amongst dense grass, such that the window for survey is quite short. The flowering period is probably also variable and dependent on seasonal conditions with ‘good’ and ‘bad’ years.","3","Group 3",""],"Stellaria multiflora subsp. nebulosa":["nebulous rayless starwort","annual herb","r, -","Stellaria multiflora var. nebulosa appears to be restricted to the Furneaux Group where it is strongly associated with dune sands.","This herb is best detected in spring-summer (as it dies down over winter months and will be undetectable). The diminutive flowers do not aid detection but mature fruit are required for identification to subspecies level.","3","Group 3",""],"Stenanthemum pimeleoides":["propeller plant","shrub","v, VU","Stenanthemum pimeleoides is restricted to Tasmania’s central East Coast and the Northern Midlands, where it occurs in dry sclerophyll forest or woodland with an open heathy or shrubby understorey. The topography tends to be flat to gently sloping. The species occurs in the drier parts of the State with rainfall between 500-800 mm per year, and usually at elevations below 100 m.","Surveys of this small mat-forming prostrate woody undershrub may be undertaken at any time of year as identifiable features are always present. However, any survey efforts need to take consider the species’ sometimes diminutive nature and the difficulties involved in identifying potentially heavily browsed specimens. Flowering occurs from November through to February, with a peak in December. The species may proliferate from soil-stored seed following fire.","2","Group 3",""],"Stenopetalum lineare":["narrow threadpetal","herb","e, -","Stenopetalum lineare typically grows in grass-covered low dunes but it also extends to scrub-covered dunes (coast wattle), and there is one inland site on a rocky outcrop in dry sclerophyll forest.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year (e.g. key populations at Kelvedon Beach and Dolphin Sands are always detectable) but the flush of new growth in spring and through summer provides the best guide to survey the extent and density of populations. New growth can be very hard to detect and plants with flowers and fruit are most easily detected.","3","Group 3",""],"Stonesiella selaginoides":["clubmoss bushpea","shrub","e, EN","Stonesiella selaginoides is restricted to Tasmania’s central East Coast region, where it occurs on dolerite soils, in either tall open heath in the ecotone between riparian scrub and open eucalypt forest, or open dry scrub dominated by the endemic shrubs Leptospermum grandiflorum (autumn teatree) and Hakea megadenia (autumn needlebush). It occurs at 20-520 m above sea level, with an annual rainfall of 625-1000 mm.","Surveys of this slender woody shrub from the pea family should be conducted during the peak flowering period from mid-October to early December, when the species is most easily detectable. The species may proliferate from soil-stored seed after disturbance.","3","Group 3",""],"Stuckenia pectinata":["fennel pondweed","aquatic herb","r, -","Stuckenia pectinata is found in fresh to brackish/saline waters in rivers, estuaries and inland lakes. It forms dense stands or mats, particularly in slow-flowing or static water. The species grows in water of various depth.","This aquatic herb can be detected at any time of the year, although separating it from an often dense mass of very similar looking aquatic herbs (e.g. Schoenus, Isolepis, etc.) is difficult without examining the leaf structure. When in flower and fruit (spring-summer), the species is easily detected and identified (although flowering events seem to be ‘fickle’).","3","Group 2",""],"Stylidium beaugleholei":["blushing triggerplant","annual herb","r, -","Stylidium beaugleholei occurs in wet sandy heaths, moist depressions, soaks and hollows.","This is a tiny herb, which can form highly localised populations or be present in 100s of 1000s (if not millions) over quite large areas. When present, it is easily detected as a flash of pink/white, usually growing on bare soil (ephemerally muddy sites). Flowering is highly seasonal (November is the peak month but this can vary hugely depending on the seasonal conditions). Flowers are required for identification.","3","Group 1",""],"Stylidium despectum":["small triggerplant","annual herb","r, -","Stylidium despectum has mainly been recorded from wet sandy heaths, moist depressions, soaks and hollows in near-coastal areas. It extends to similar habitat amongst forest and woodland in the Midlands.","This is a tiny herb, which can form highly localised populations or be present in 100s of 1000s (if not millions) over quite large areas. When present, it is easily detected as a flash of pink/white, usually growing on bare soil (ephemerally muddy sites). Flowering is variable: November is the peak month but this can vary greatly depending on seasonal conditions. Flowers are required for identification.","3","Group 1","Prb"],"Stylidium perpusillum":["tiny triggerplant","annual herb","r, -","Stylidium perpusillum occurs in wet sandy heaths, moist depressions, soaks and hollows.","This is a tiny herb, which can form highly localised populations or be present in 100s of 1000s over quite large areas. When present, it is easily detected as a flash of white, usually growing on bare soil. Flowering is highly seasonal (November is the peak month but this can vary hugely depending on the seasonal conditions). Flowers are required for identification.","3","Group 2",""],"Taraxacum aristum":["mountain dandelion","annual herb","r, -","Taraxacum aristum occurs in subalpine grassland, grassy heath and grassy woodland in the Central Highlands.","Flowers are required for the identification and to aid detection of this small, short-lived rosette-forming herb from the daisy family. Flowering occurs between October and December. Care should be taken with identification due to close similarities with introduced dandelions. The species is likely to proliferate after fire and other disturbance.","3","Group 1",""],"Taraxacum cygnorum":["coast dandelion","herb","-, VU","The status of Taraxacum cygnorum in Tasmania is unknown, with the only confirmed Tasmanian records collected in the mid 1800s from Prime Seal, Flinders and King islands in Bass Strait. As the species has not been seen in Australia since the 1980s, the habitat preferences of the species are poorly known. It was most recently collected from Victoria in near-coastal areas in shrubby woodland on limestone.","Flowers are required for the identification and to aid detection of this small, short-lived rosette-forming herb from the daisy family. Flowering occurs between October and December. Care should be taken with identification due to close similarities with introduced dandelions. The species is likely to proliferate after fire and other disturbance.","3","Island Species",""],"Teloschistes flavicans":["golden-hair lichen","lichen","r, -","Teloschistes flavicans occurs on near vertical faces of granite tors and peaks on islands of the Furneaux Group. This species was also recorded from the Kent Group in 1803.","This lichen is composed of entangled filamentous bright orange to golden lobes that form loose clumps on the ground or low shrubs. It can be identified at any time of the year, although specialist confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Island Species",""],"Tetratheca ciliata":["northern pinkbells","shrub","r, -","Tetratheca ciliata occurs from near-coastal areas in the State’s north at elevations below 70 m, ranging from Rocky Cape in the west to Tomahawk/Boobyalla in the east, and an outlying site near Liffey about 60 km inland and 320 m above sea level. It has been recorded from heathlands and heathy woodlands on sandy well-drained soils, the woodland dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina.","Surveys for this low erect shrub may be undertaken at any time of year, though detectability in its heathy habitat is much easier during its peak flowering period (October to December). Surveys should focus on recently burnt areas when plant numbers are likely to be at their highest, although other disturbance can also replicate the beneficial conditions","3","Group 3","Ms"],"Tetratheca gunnii":["shy pinkbells","shrub","e, EN","Tetratheca gunnii is restricted to serpentine outcrops in the foothills of the Dazzler Range near Beaconsfield, where it occurs in relatively open areas dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina and Eucalyptus ovata over a heathy understorey, or in Allocasuarina littoralis (black sheoak) woodland with a sparse understorey. Some sites are associated with disturbance induced openness from mining and timber harvesting activities.","Flowers are required for identification of this straggling plant, with detection very difficult in their absence. Flowering occurs from late September to early December, peaking in late October and early November. This is one of a few species where ‘getting your eye in’ and a high degree of familiarity with the species and its habitat is important to the success of a survey.","3","Group 3","Hs"],"Teucrium corymbosum":["forest germander","shrub","r, -","Teucrium corymbosum occurs in a wide range of habitats from rocky steep slopes in dry sclerophyll forest and Allocasuarina (sheoak) woodland, riparian flats and forest.","This is a low shrub-like herb, potentially present and identifiable all year but best detected in spring-summer and usually after some form of disturbance. The bright white flowers against the dark green leaves, especially in disturbed sites, aid detection considerably.","3","Group 1",""],"Thelymitra antennifera":["rabbit ears","orchid","e (v pending), -","Thelymitra antennifera is known from several locations along the north and north-east coast, occurring in heathland on poorly- to moderately-drained peaty and sandy soils, sometimes in mossy skeletal soils on granite bedrock.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. It flowers from late September to late October. The two weeks either side of 1 October is the recommended timing for surveys. The taxonomy of the native Thelymitra species is difficult and species are difficult to identify without considerable experience. While T. antennifera is a distinctive species, specimens may require specialist confirmation (taking macro images of the column of the flower from various angles will aid identification). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","In"],"Thelymitra atronitida":["blackhood sun-orchid","orchid","e, -","Thelymitra atronitida has been recorded from near-coastal heathland, sedgeland and open heathy/sedgy eucalypt woodland on relatively poorly-drained sandy loams. The altitude range of known sites is 10-120 m above sea level.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Surveys must be undertaken during its peak flowering period, early to late November. To maximise the chances of detection surveys should be undertaken during the morning, as flowers are known to close around midday. The taxonomy of the native Thelymitra species is difficult and species are difficult to identify without considerable experience. While T. atronitida is a distinctive species, specimens may require specialist confirmation (taking macro images of the column of the flower from various angles will aid identification). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Thelymitra benthamiana":["blotched sun-orchid","orchid","e, -","Thelymitra benthamiana occurs on slopes and hill tops on Flinders Island, where it is associated with areas of heathy eucalypt woodland, open heathy/scrubby vegetation and bare ground. ","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering, although in this case the leaves are highly distinctive to an experienced observer. Late October to late December is the likely flowering period and the recommended timing for surveys. Note that identification prior to this period is possible from leaves due to their distinctiveness. The taxonomy of the native Thelymitra species is difficult and species are difficult to identify without considerable experience. While T. benthamiana is a distinctive species, specimens may require specialist confirmation (taking macro images of the column of the flower from various angles will aid identification). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Island Species",""],"Thelymitra bracteata":["leafy sun-orchid","orchid","e, -","Thelymitra bracteata is known from two sites in southern Tasmania: Rosny Hill and Coningham. It grows in open grassy and heathy forest/woodland on mudstone and sandstone.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The flowering period of the species on mainland Australia is September to December. In Tasmania, where the species is only known from a few populations, flowering seems to occur in the first week of November so early October to late December is the recommended timing for surveys. The species is most readily spotted on hot sunny days when flowers are more likely to be open though the species may not emerge or flower in dry years. The taxonomy of the native Thelymitra species is difficult and species are difficult to identify without considerable experience. While T. bracteata is a distinctive species, specimens may require specialist confirmation (taking macro images of the column of the flower from various angles will aid identification). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Thelymitra holmesii":["bluestar sun-orchid","orchid","r, -","Thelymitra holmesii occurs in moist areas of grassland, heathy open forest and heathland in water-retentive soils such as clay loam and peaty loam, in soaks, beside streams and around swamp margins, usually below about 200 m above sea level.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The flowering period of the species on mainland Australia is November to December, rarely as early as October. In Tasmania, most collections of the species are from November, so November through to mid December is the recommended timing for surveys. The species is most readily detected on hot sunny days when flowers are more likely to be open though the species may not emerge or flower in dry years. The taxonomy of the native Thelymitra species is difficult and species are difficult to identify without considerable experience. While T. holmesii is a distinctive species, specimens may require specialist confirmation (taking macro images of the column of the flower from various angles will aid identification). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 1",""],"Thelymitra improcera":["coastal sun-orchid","orchid","- (e pending), -","Thelymitra improcera occurs in coastal heathland and scrub, so far in Tasmania being known only from King Island’s north-east.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. In Tasmania, collections have been made from October to December. The species is most readily detected on hot sunny days when flowers are more likely to be open though the species may not emerge or flower in dry years. The taxonomy of the native Thelymitra species is difficult and species are difficult to identify without considerable experience. While T. improcera is a distinctive species specimens may require specialist confirmation (taking macro images of the column of the flower from various angles will aid identification). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Island Species",""],"Thelymitra inflata":["inflated sun-orchid","orchid","e, -","Thelymitra inflata is known from only two locations at Leslie Hill and Ridgeway, near Hobart. Thelymitra inflata occurs in dry to moist Eucalyptus woodlands and open Eucalyptus forests, often in disturbed, winter-wet sites on clay loam soils.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. In Tasmania observations have been made in late November and mid-December. Surveys for this species should be undertaken after recent disturbance during its peak flowering period, late September to early December. The species is most readily detected on hot sunny days when flowers are more likely to be open though the species may not emerge or flower in dry years. The taxonomy of the native Thelymitra species is difficult and species are difficult to identify without considerable experience. While T. inflata is a (somewhat) distinctive species, specimens will require specialist confirmation (taking macro images of the column of the flower from various angles will aid identification). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Thelymitra jonesii":["skyblue sun-orchid","orchid","e, EN","Thelymitra jonesii occurs in moist coastal heath on sandy to peaty soils and in Eucalyptus obliqua forest in deep loam soil over dolerite.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. Most flowering occurs in early November. Flowering is strongly promoted in the year following a hot fire, with emergence and flowering more sporadic in subsequent years. The species may not flower or emerge in drought years. The taxonomy of the native Thelymitra species is difficult and species are difficult to identify without considerable experience. While T. jonesii is a distinctive species specimens may require specialist confirmation (taking macro images of the column of the flower from various angles will aid identification). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Thelymitra lucida ":["glistening sun-orchid","orchid","e, -","Thelymitra lucida is known from only two sites in Tasmania: Grove and (possibly) near Lonnavale in the south of the State. It grows in or near sedgy swamps on moist sandy or peaty soils, sometimes in standing water when in flower.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. In Tasmania observations have been made in November. Surveys for this species should be undertaken during its peak flowering period, November to December. The species is most readily detected on hot sunny days when flowers are more likely to be open though the species may not emerge or flower in dry years. The taxonomy of the native Thelymitra species is difficult and species are difficult to identify without considerable experience. While T. lucida is a (somewhat) distinctive species, specimens will require specialist confirmation (taking macro images of the column of the flower from various angles will aid identification). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Thelymitra malvina":["mauvetuft sun-orchid","orchid","e, -","Thelymitra malvina has been recorded from coastal heath and sedgeland on sandy loams or clay loams at low elevations.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. In Tasmania, most collections of the species are from late October to mid-November, making this the recommended timing for surveys. The taxonomy of the native Thelymitra species is difficult and species are difficult to identify without considerable experience. While T. malvina is a distinctive species, specimens may require specialist confirmation (taking macro images of the column of the flower from various angles will aid identification). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Thelymitra mucida":["plum sun-orchid","orchid","e, -","Thelymitra mucida occurs in moist to wet depressions, swamp margins and other low-lying sites in coastal and near-coastal heathland, heathy forest and shrubland in dark sandy or peaty soils, usually below about 50 m above sea level.","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. On mainland Australia, the species flowers from August to December, but most Tasmanian collections are from November, so that month is the recommended timing for surveys. The taxonomy of the native Thelymitra species is difficult and species are difficult to identify without considerable experience. While T. mucida is a distinctive species, specimens may require specialist confirmation (taking macro images of the column of the flower from various angles will aid identification). More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Thesium australe":["southern toadflax","shrub","x, VU","In Tasmania, Thesium australe is known only from an 1804 collection from the Derwent River Valley. Suitable habitat for this species includes grassland and grassy woodland. Thesium australe is presumed extinct in Tasmania.","Flowering of this short-lived herbaceous shrub with wiry stems is predominantly in spring and summer. The species has been collected throughout most of the year on mainland Australia, with most collections made between October and April. The species is presumed extinct in Tasmania, with the only dated collection made in March or April of 1804.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Thismia rodwayi":["fairy lanterns","annual herb","r, -","No longer applicable – delisted. Thismia rodwayi occurs in the north and south of the State in wet eucalypt forest with an understorey dominated by Pomaderris apetala (dogwood), Olearia argophylla (musk daisybush), Coprosma quadrifida (native currant), Bedfordia salicina (blanketleaf) or Acacia melanoxylon (blackwood). The species occurs on well-developed litter layers over moist friable loamy soils, usually with very low rock or pebble content. Decaying logs are often a feature of Thismia rodwayi sites. ","No longer applicable – delisted. This small herb can be identified when flowering, in spring and early summer, from small red-orange buds that appear just above the soil surface. However, active searching of the soil surface by shifting leaf litter and coarse woody debris is essential as the flowers very rarely emerge above the leaf litter. Observers with red deficient colour blindness may struggle with detection.  The Listing Statement provides some guidelines for undertaking surveys.","2 ","Delisted",""],"Thryptomene micrantha":["ribbed heathmyrtle","shrub","v, -","Thryptomene micrantha is restricted to near-coastal areas between Bicheno and the southern tip of the Freycinet Peninsula. It may form locally dense thickets on sands derived from Devonian granite, typically in coastal heathland or Eucalyptus amygdalina heathy woodland or forest on gently undulating lower slopes or flats.","This erect shrub can be detected and identified at any time of the year using vegetative characters. Detection is aided by prolific spring-summer flowering, especially where the species is not abundant and a minor component of dense heathland or heathy woodland.","2","Group 3","Hs"],"Thynninorchis huntiana":["elbow orchid","orchid","x, -","Thynninorchis huntiana is presumed extinct in Tasmania, with the only known collection taken from Flinders Island from a lowland remnant patch of scrub on soils derived from granite. On mainland Australia, the species occurs in lowland and highland areas, where it grows in patches of bare ground covered with accumulations of leaf litter in open eucalypt forest. ","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The flowering period on mainland Australia, where the species mostly occurs in highland areas, is November to March but, in Tasmania, the only known collection was on 3 January 1972 from a lowland site, so late December to early January is the likely flowering period in this State. Individuals of Thynninorchis can be very hard to detect as they are inconspicuous and plants are only above ground for a few weeks. The species may not emerge or flower in dry years. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Thynninorchis nothofagicola":["myrtle elbow orchid","orchid","e, CR","Thynninorchis nothofagicola is restricted to one small site in the south-west of the State where it occurs in leaf litter in tall open Eucalyptus delegatensis forest with a rainforest understorey of Nothofagus cunninghamii (myrtle beech), Atherosperma moschatum (sassafras) and Dicksonia antarctica (soft treefern).","Flowers are required for the identification of this ground orchid, which dies back to subterranean tubers after flowering. The few observations of this species have been made in February. The plants are difficult to spot in the gloomy light conditions of its habitat. More information on survey time can be found in Flowering Times of Tasmanian Orchids: A Practical Guide for Field Botanists.","3","Group 3",""],"Tmesipteris parva":["small forkfern","epiphytic fern","v, -","Tmesipteris parva is known from single sites on both King Island and Flinders Island where it grows on treeferns (Cyathea and Dicksonia) in wet sclerophyll forests in deeply shaded fern gullies.","This epiphytic fern can be identified at any time of the year using vegetative features (fertile parts will usually be present to assist in identification).","2","Island Species",""],"Tricoryne elatior":["yellow rushlily","graminoid","v, -","Tricoryne elatior occurs in native grassland, grassy woodland and forest, or modified remnants of these habitats, including relatively weedy roadside verges.","This annually flowering herb is best detected in spring-summer when the bright yellow flowers are present and make the species obvious amongst the usually dense grassy habitat. At other times of the year the old stiff grey-green stems can still be detected, although this takes experience and familiarity and is not a reliable indicator of population extent or abundance.","3","Group 1",""],"Tricostularia pauciflora":["needle bogsedge","sedge","r, -","Tricostularia pauciflora is found in sandy heaths, dunes and heath on clay soils around coastal areas.","This sedge can be detected at any time of the year, although mature inflorescences assist detection and identification (generally present all year round but can wither away in periods of low growth such as winter).","3","Group 2",""],"Triglochin minutissima":["tiny arrowgrass","annual herb","r, -","Triglochin minutissima inhabits fresh or brackish mudflats or margins of swamps in lowland, mostly coastal areas.","This is a tiny herb, which can form highly localised populations or be present in 100s of 1000s (if not millions) over quite large areas. When present, it is still difficult to detect unless one is on hands and knees scouring the mud surface. Flowering is highly seasonal (November is the peak month but this can vary hugely depending on the seasonal conditions).","3","Group 2",""],"Triglochin mucronata":["prickly arrowgrass","annual herb","e, -","Triglochin mucronata occurs in herbfields on damp saline soils of salt-flats and coastal saltmarshes.","This herb can only be detected during its short-lived flowering period in spring-summer (check nearby database records prior to survey).","3","Island Species",""],"Triptilodiscus pygmaeus":["dwarf sunray","annual herb","v, -","Triptilodiscus pygmaeus grows within grasslands, grassy woodlands or rockplates, with the underlying substrate being mostly Tertiary basalt or Jurassic dolerite. The elevation range of recorded sites in Tasmania is 30-470 m above sea level, with an annual rainfall of about 450-600 mm. The species occurs within native grassland dominated by Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass).","Surveys for the herb should be undertaken during its peak flowering period, September to November. Due to the species’ ephemeral nature the precise timing of surveys will be governed by seasonal conditions. This species can be difficult to detect in its grassland habitat when in low numbers. It may not emerge in drought conditions. The species can be locally common for a very brief period (e.g. 1-2 weeks) and then virtually absent, or be in very low numbers.","3","Group 1",""],"Trithuria submersa":["submerged watertuft","annual herb","r, -","Trithuria submersa occurs in the Northern Midlands, near-coastal areas in the east and north-east, King Island, Flinders Island and Cape Barren Island, with an isolated record from the Central Highlands. Habitat includes areas subject to flooding, such as the margins of wetlands, small watercourses, shallow temporary depressions and wet heathlands.","This semi-aquatic to aquatic herb is present in spring-summer, but with large inter-annual variations caused by seasonal conditions. A distinctive species, but observers with red deficient colour blindness may struggle with detection.","3","Group 2",""],"Uncinia elegans":["handsome hooksedge","sedge","r, -","Uncinia elegans occurs in a wide range of forest types including wet sclerophyll forest, dry sclerophyll forest and open grassy woodlands. It is most often associated with damp grassy habitats and can occur on disturbed sites.","This sedge can be detected at any time but mature fruit (utricles) are required for identification (almost always present).","3","Group 1",""],"Utricularia australis":["yellow bladderwort","aquatic herb","r, -","Utricularia australis has a widespread distribution, ranging from the Gordon River in the south-west to the northern part of Flinders Island in the far north-east (and also reportedly from the Derwent River in the State’s south). It grows in stationary or slow-moving water, including natural lakes, farm dams and reservoirs, where it has been reported as forming ‘locally dense swards’.","This herb is present for much of the year although dies down in winter months so is most easily detected (especially in larger waterbodies where it may not occur around the margins of the pond until new growth has occurred) in spring-summer. Flowers are not needed for identification and flowering occurs very rarely anyway. Confusion with the possibly introduced U. gibba is possible but the species are distinct vegetatively. Care needs to be taken to not miss the species where it occurs amongst a mass of charophytes, Myriophyllum species, and/or between dense swards of sedges. Surveys should not occur soon after flood events, as these can temporarily remove all established plants from an area.","3","Group 1",""],"Utricularia tenella":["pink bladderwort","annual herb","r, -","Utricularia tenella occurs in muddy soils on the edges of lagoons and wetlands, on old tracks through shrubland and heathland, and on bare ground in poorly-drained habitats.","This is a tiny herb, which can form highly localised populations or be present in 100s of 1000s over quite large areas. When present, it is easily detected as a flash of pink, usually growing on bare soil (ephemerally muddy sites). Flowering is highly seasonal (November is the peak month but this can vary hugely depending on the seasonal conditions).","3","Group 2",""],"Utricularia violacea":["violet bladderwort","annual herb","r, -","Utricularia violacea grows in swampy/marshy habitat around Five Mile Road on Flinders Island. This species can be found in swamp verges that have spots free of rushes and sedges","This herb can only be detected when in flower (October to December). It is a poorly understood species and any plants suspected of being this species will require careful identification (take macro digital images from multiple angles as flowers shrivel quickly and pressed specimens are very difficult to identify).","3","Island Species",""],"Vallisneria australis":["river ribbons","aquatic herb","r, -","Vallisneria australis grows rooted and submerged in flowing freshwater habitats such as major rivers of the Midlands.","This wholly aquatic herb can be detected at any time of the year. Flowers are not critical for identification (which is fortunate because these are rarely seen) but familiarity with other aquatic herbs is essential (e.g. ‘Triglochin’ species). Flood events can dislodge plants and make the site of original attachment unknown.","3","Group 2",""],"Velleia paradoxa":["spur velleia","herb","v, -","Velleia paradoxa is known from the Hobart and Launceston areas, and the Midlands and the Derwent Valley, where it occurs in grassy woodlands or grasslands on dry sites. It has been recorded up to 550 m above sea level at sites with an annual rainfall range of 450-750 mm. ","Flowers are not required for identification of this short-lived herb because the leaves are distinctive (as are old fruiting scapes). Detecting the leaves in the absence of the bright yellow flowers can be difficult, so surveys are best undertaken during its peak flowering period in late November to early January. ","3","Group 2",""],"Veronica ciliolata subsp. fiordensis":["ben lomond cushionplant","cushion plant","v, VU","Veronica ciliolata subsp. fiordensis is restricted to the Hamilton Crags on the Ben Lomond Plateau in Tasmania, where it occurs in low open alpine shrubland at an elevation of 1470-1530 m above sea level. Unlike other Tasmanian cushion plants, this species prefers well-drained conditions, occurring on skeletal soils derived from Jurassic dolerite, or in rock crevices and between boulders where no obvious soil exists.","This cushion-forming plant can be readily distinguished from other Tasmanian cushion plants by features that are present throughout the year, though surveys may be difficult in extreme alpine weather conditions or with snow, and detectability is enhanced by the presence of flowers  between December and February.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Veronica notabilis":["forest speedwell","herb","e, -","Veronica notabilis is presumed extinct in Tasmania, having been collected from the St Patricks River in the north-east and Loddon River in the west in 1845 and possibly 1910. A specimen collected from the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens in 1892 is likely to be cultivated as, on mainland Australia, the species occurs in damp and wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest.","Flowers are required for identification and aid detection of this herb with creeping stems and erect flowering branches. The species flowers from September to January on mainland Australia, with the only dated specimens from Tasmania collected in October and early February over a century ago.","3","Presumed Extinct Species",""],"Veronica novae":["coast speedwell","herb","v, -","Veronica novae-hollandiae occurs along the State’s west and south-west coasts between the Italian River and Cockle Creek, where it grows in sandy littoral banks and herbfields.","A creeping herb that is difficult to detect amongst the dense coastal grassland and shrubbery it occurs in. Flowers in spring marginally aid in detection, and flowers and fruit, combined with vegetative features, are required for identification.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Veronica plebeia":["trailing speedwell","herb","r, -","Veronica plebeia typically occurs in dry to damp sclerophyll forest dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina on dolerite or Tertiary sediments, but can also occur in Eucalyptus ovata grassy woodland/forest and Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest.","This herb can be detected at any time of year and is identifiable from vegetative characters (need to separate from similar V. calycina on leaf shape and stem hair traits).","3","Group 1",""],"Viminaria juncea":["golden spray","shrub","e, -","Viminaria juncea grows close to sea level in the Moulting Lagoon area on soils prone to periodic waterlogging and drying out in summer. The associated vegetation is generally a sedgy shrubland.","This tall shrub can be detected at any time but the bright yellow flowers (spring) aid detection considerably.","2","Group 3","S"],"Viola caleyana":["swamp violet","herb","r, -","The habitat of Viola caleyana in Tasmania is poorly understood but includes lowland wet grasslands, possibly wet heathlands and a variety of forest types.","This herb flowers in spring-summer. It has distinctive leaves, which may assist with identification in the absence of flowers. ","3","Group 2",""],"Viola cunninghamii":["alpine violet","herb","r, -","Viola cunninghamii occurs in short alpine herbfield, grassland and grassy heath in the higher parts of the eastern and central mountains where it is often associated with small patches of bare ground.","While this herb is possibly detectable year-round, flowers in spring-summer aid detection and identification.","3","Group 1",""],"Viola curtisiae":["montane ivyleaf violet","herb","r, -","Viola curtisiae occurs in subalpine woodland, herbaceous vegetation (riparian) and grass/sedgeland in low shrubs around Mt. Mawson and Lake Dobson in the Mount Field National Park and on the Central Plateau.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year but flowers are required for identification. Flowering depends on seasonal conditions but will peak in late spring to summer.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Vittadinia australasica var. oricola":["coast new-holland-daisy","herb","e, -","Vittadinia australasica var. oricola is known from a single site near Temma in the State’s north-west, where it grows in near-coastal grassland or grassy shrubland on stabilised calcareous dunes within a kilometre of the coast.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year and is identifiable from vegetative features (no confusing species in range and habitat) but flowers in spring considerably aid detection, especially if the surrounding grass is dense.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Vittadinia burbidgeae":["smooth new-holland-daisy","herb","r, -","Vittadinia burbidgeae occurs in native grassland and grassy woodland.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year although the flush of spring growth and purple flowers in spring aid detection considerably. The species can be identified on vegetative characters alone.","3","Group 1",""],"Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata":["fuzzy new-holland-daisy","herb","r, -","Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata occurs in native grassland and grassy woodland.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year although the flush of spring growth and purple flowers in spring aid detection considerably. The species can be identified on vegetative characters alone.","3","Group 1",""],"Vittadinia gracilis":["woolly new-holland-daisy","herb","r, -","Vittadinia gracilis occurs in native grassland and grassy woodland.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year although the flush of spring growth and purple flowers in spring aid detection considerably. The species can be identified on vegetative characters alone.","3","Group 1",""],"Vittadinia muelleri":["narrowleaf new-holland-daisy","herb","r, -","Vittadinia muelleri occurs in native grassland and grassy woodland.","This herb can be detected at any time of the year although the flush of spring growth and purple flowers in spring aid detection considerably. The species can be identified on vegetative characters alone.","3","Group 1",""],"Westringia angustifolia":["narrowleaf westringia","shrub","r, -","Westringia angustifolia occurs mainly in mid elevations, always on dolerite (but can be close to dolerite-sediment contact zones), in dry to wet sclerophyll forest on broad ridges, slopes and dense riparian shrubberies.","This medium dense shrub can be detected at any time of the year and is identifiable from vegetative features alone. Flowers aid detection, especially where the species is scattered amongst dense shrubs or boulders.","2","Group 1",""],"Wilsonia humilis":["silky wilsonia","shrub","r, -","Wilsonia humilis is found in coastal and inland saltmarshes in the south and eastern parts of the State, and also Flinders Island. ","This ground hugging shrub can be identified at any time of the year by its distinctive growth habit and leaves.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Wilsonia rotundifolia":["roundleaf wilsonia","shrub","r, -","Wilsonia rotundifolia is found in coastal and inland saltmarshes in the eastern part of the State.","This ground hugging shrub can be identified at any time of the year by its distinctive growth habit and leaves.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Wurmbea latifolia subsp. vanessae":["broadleaf early nancy","herb","e, -","Wurmbea latifolia subsp. vanessae is known from a single site in Tasmania’s far north-west near Woolnorth, growing in short grassland dominated by Poa rodwayi (velvet tussockgrass) on stabilised near-coastal calcareous dunes.","This herb is dormant over summer, shooting from a bulbous rootstock in response to early winter rains, with flowering in July and August. Detecting leaves amongst the dense grassland habitat is very difficult.","3","Group 3",""],"Xanthoparmelia amphixantha":["lichen","lichen","e, -","Xanthoparmelia amphixantha occurs in the Southern Midlands on stony shallow soils in native grassland.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Xanthoparmelia graniticola":["lichen","lichen","r, -","Xanthoparmelia graniticola is known only from Mount Cameron in north eastern Tasmania where it occurs on moist flat granite outcrops in dry sclerophyll forest.","This foliose to subcrustose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Xanthoparmelia jarmaniae":["lichen","lichen","v, -","Xanthoparmelia jarmaniae is known from dolerite and sandstone in degraded, dry sclerophyll forest and native grassland, and from a sandstone gravestone in the Midlands.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Xanthoparmelia mannumensis":["lichen","lichen","v, -","Xanthoparmelia mannumensis occurs on sandstone and basalt outcrops in degraded native grassland and dry sclerophyll woodland in the Midlands.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Xanthoparmelia microphyllizans":["lichen","lichen","r, -","Xanthoparmelia microphyllizans occurs on granite rocks on Deal Island in the Kent Group.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Island Species",""],"Xanthoparmelia molliuscula":["lichen","lichen","e, -","Xanthoparmelia molliuscula occurs on basalt in the Midlands on shallow, stony soils in native grassland.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Xanthoparmelia oleosa":["lichen","lichen","r, -","Xanthoparmelia oleosa occurs in the Fingal Valley where it colonises rounded pebbles in a road cutting. It was also collected from cliffs near Bowen Park, Hobart in 1965.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Xanthoparmelia subloxodella":["lichen","lichen","e, -","Xanthoparmelia subloxodella was known only from Cape Deslacs where it occurred on mudstone and consolidated soil in coastal vegetation at the boundary of pasture and the heathy cliff edge. Searches of the area in recent years have failed to locate this species again.","This foliose to subcrustose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Reserve Species",""],"Xanthoparmelia vicaria":["lichen","lichen","r, -","Xanthoparmelia vicaria is known only from Gunners Quoin where it occurs on dolerite in dry sclerophyll forest.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Xanthoparmelia vicariella":["lichen","lichen","r, -","Xanthoparmelia vicariella is known only from the Southern Midlands where it occurs on dolerite and basalt boulders in dry sclerophyll woodland and native grassland.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year, although confirmation using lab techniques may require a lichen specialist.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Xanthoparmelia willisii":["lichen","lichen","e, -","Xanthoparmelia willisii occurs in the Midlands on soil in dry, shallow, stony soils in native grassland.","This foliose lichen can be identified at any time of the year.","3","Group 4  (Lichen)",""],"Xanthorrhoea arenaria":["sand grasstree","graminoid","v, VU","Xanthorrhoea arenaria is restricted to coastal areas from Stony Head in the northeast to Coles Bay on the East Coast, where it occurs in coastal sandy heathland, extending into heathy woodland and forest, mainly dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina.","Identification of Tasmania’s trunkless grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea arenaria and X. bracteata) can be difficult and, even with the presence of flower spikes, identification can still be problematic. These species co-occur between Bridport and Waterhouse Point. The trunked Xanthorrhoea australis also co-occurs throughout the range of X. arenaria. The three species can hybridise (resulting in plants with intermediate characteristics). Confusion can also occur on X. australis sites where ‘trunkless’ populations are maintained (e.g. by slashing). ","3","Group 3","Hs"],"Xanthorrhoea bracteata":["shiny grasstree","graminoid","v, EN","Xanthorrhoea bracteata is restricted to coastal areas from the Asbestos Range to Musselroe Bay in the northeast, where it occurs in sandy soils, often acid and waterlogged, in coastal heathland, extending into heathy woodland and forest, mainly dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina.","Identification of Tasmania’s trunkless grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea bracteata and X. arenaria) can be difficult and, even with the presence of flower spikes, identification can still be problematic. These species co-occur between Bridport and Waterhouse Point. The trunked Xanthorrhoea australis also co-occurs throughout the range of X. bracteata. The three species can hybridise (resulting in plants with intermediate characteristics). Confusion can also occur on X. australis sites where ‘trunkless’ populations are maintained (e.g. by slashing). ","3","Group 3","Hs"],"Xerochrysum bicolor":["eastcoast everlasting","herb","r, -","Species of Xerochrysum are poorly understood in Tasmania, especially the identification of coastal species (X. bicolor and X. bracteatum). X. bicolor may be restricted to stabilised dune systems.","This flowering rosette herb is best detected during the peak flowering period in spring-summer (old papery flowerheads may be present for some time). Rosettes at other times of the year may be difficult to detect amongst dense dune grass-shrub vegetation.","3","Non-Forest Species",""],"Xerochrysum palustre":["swamp everlasting","herb","v, VU","Xerochrysum palustre has a scattered distribution with populations in the north-east, east coast, Central Highlands and Midlands, all below about 700 m elevation. It occurs in wetlands, grassy to sedgy wet heathlands and extends to associated heathy Eucalyptus ovata woodlands. Sites are usually inundated for part of the year.","Surveys are best conducted during the peak flowering period from late November to March because the golden-yellow flower heads at the top of tall stems can be observed in swampy habitats from some distance. At other times of the year or during periods of drought, the died-down leafy stems are difficult to detect but often the old papery flowerheads are still identifiable. Fresh leafy growth is distinctive if familiar to the observer. Populations tend to be small and highly localised.","3","Group 1",""],"Zieria littoralis":["downy zieria","shrub","r, -","Zieria littoralis mainly occurs on coastal rocks, extending to inland areas on low hills and ridges above the coastline. A small number of sites occur in forested habitats, where the species occurs on rock outcrops. All sites are on granite.","This low compact shrub can be detected and identified at any time of the year using vegetative features. Flowers do not significantly aid detection.","2","Group 3",""],"Zieria veronicea subsp. veronicea":["pink zieria","shrub","e, -","Zieria veronicea subsp. veronicea has been recorded from near-coastal areas from Coles Bay to Mt William, growing on well-drained sandy soils in heath or heathy woodland dominated by Eucalyptus amygdalina.","Surveys for this low erect shrub are best undertaken during the flowering period, in October to November. Areas of heathy woodland habitat that have been burnt in the previous two or three years should be targeted preferentially. The species may be difficult to detect in long unburnt vegetation due to its diminutive nature, so if surveys of such habitat are required, then more open conditions should be targeted, such as along the margins of existing tracks and walking trails.","3","Group 3","Prb"],"Zygophyllum billardierei":["coast twinleaf","shrub","r, -","Zygophyllum billardierei is known from calcareous sands, forests, wetlands and heath communities on the Furneaux Group.","This low spreading shrub can be identified at any time of the year from growth habit and leaf morphology. The bright yellow flowers in spring aid in detection.","2","Island Species",""]}